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1、,Effects of irrigation system and green manure on yield and nicotine content of Virginia Organic tobacco under Mediterranean conditions Author:D.Bilalis Agricultural University of Athens,2008.07,Contents,IntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusions,1.Introduction,Organic tobacco con
2、sists of a new industrial crop product.There are not many references,on organic tobacco,in science community.有机烟是一种新的作物产业结构，因此在学术交流方面涉及的很少Vetch and red clover are legume species well can also be cultivated as plants for green manure,during the period between two major crops(intermediate crop)in the
3、common rotation system of Mediterranean region，such as wheat/cotton,wheat/tobacco,etc.在地中海地区的轮作或间作体系中常用豆科的野豌豆和红三叶草作绿肥,In Mediterranean countries,tobacco growers use sprinkler irrigation systems.In contrast,drip irrigation has not been widely used in tobacco production,because of higher cost of the d
4、rip line installation.地中海国家，由于滴管设备的成本高，烤烟的生产过程多采用喷灌，所以滴管技术没有被广泛使用In recent years,the cost of the installation has relatively decreased,because of the technology improving.Advanced of drip irrigation systems compared to the sprinkler and fur-row irrigation systems,includes reduced water use and decre
5、ased weed growth.近些年，因为科学技术的提高从而降低了滴管设备的成本，且与喷灌和集雨灌溉相比，滴管可以减少水的使用及杂草的生长Also,other investigators have also reported high yields for crops under drip irrigation 一些调查也表明滴管可以使作物高产,The aim of this study is to determine the effects of(a)green manure and(b)irrigation on plant characteristics and nicotine c
6、ontent of organic tobacco crop.本文研究的目的是：绿肥和灌溉方式对有机烟的生长特征和烟碱含量的影响,2.Materials and methods,2.2.Planting,fertilization and weed control,2.3.Samplings,measurements and methods,The samplings were taken 114 days after the transplanting date of tobacco.To dene biomass the plants were cut at 1m in 2 differe
7、nt places of each plot.Leaves number were determined by measurement of 5 plants per plot.抽样在移栽114天后，生物量的测量采样方法是：在每个点的两个不同的地方截取1米处的烟株。烟叶数是在每个点选5株进行计数。Root Samples were collected from each plot at soil depth of 030 cm with a 30 cm30 cm sampler(DAT).In each sample roots were separated from soil after s
8、tanding for 24 h in water+(NaPO3)6+Na2CO3.Then the samples dried and weighted.根的采集：根周围30 cm30 cm 处取030 cm 深，根土分离，把根在混合溶液中处理24小时然后晾干，称重,Nicotine content was measured using CORESTA recom-mended method no.35.烟碱的测定的是利用CORESTA推荐的no.35 For computation of water use efciency(WUE)the dry weight of leaves per
9、 hectare was divided by amount of water applied.水份利用效率的计算为:每公顷叶片干物重/总用水量SPAD measurements:chlorophyll content was determined non-destructively using a CCM-200 chlorophyll content meter.叶绿素的测定：利用CCM-200叶绿素测定仪进行测定,3.Results,3.1.Legumesamount of nitrogen,3.2.Tobacco,3.2.1.Yield3.2.2.Number of leaves3.2
10、.3.Root growthTable 1 Inuence of irrigation system(drip irrigation:D,sprinkler irrigation:S)and fertilization(control,vetch,red clover)on yield(kgha1),on dry weight of roots(kgha1)and number of leaves of tobacco plants(114 days after transplanting),3.2.Tobacco,3.2.4.Water use efciency3.2.5.SPAD valu
11、eschlorophyll content3.2.6.Nicotine content Table 2 Inuence of irrigation system(drip irrigation:D,sprinkler irrigation:S)and fertilization(control,vetch,red clover)on SPAD values,nicotine content(%,w/w)and on WUE(kgha1 mm1),4.Discussion,The yields of tobacco crops under drip irrigation were higher(
12、1035%)than those with sprinkler irrigation.The yield difference is statistically signicant.Also,the tobacco yield in site 2 was always higher than those in site 1.The main reasons for higher yield in site 2may be attributed to temperature.滴管条件下的烤烟产量高于喷灌(1035%)，且site 2的产量site 1的产量，主要原因是受温度的影响（T1T 2）,
13、The WUE values for drip irrigation were always higher than those for sprinkler irrigation.The WUE values in site 2 were always higher than those in site 1.The main reasons for higher WUE values in site 2may be attributed to temperature.一般滴管的水分利用效率高于喷灌的水分利用效率。site 2 site 1，site 2水分利用效率高的原因可能还与温度有关Gre
14、en manures increased roots dry weight and most important when vetch was applied to soil.This specie,which has a high N content(Fig.2),stimulates root growth to a greater extent than red clover.绿肥能够增加根系干重，其中野豌豆比红三叶草效果显著，这主要是因为野豌豆的含氮量高，刺激了根系的伸长生长,Tobacco crop yield was signicantly increased by the gre
15、en manures.Angellino et al.(2004)reported that nitrogen fertilizer application inuenced positively the leaf area of tobacco plants.Moreover,green manures increased the number of leaves and most important when vetch was applied to soil.施用绿肥能明显增加烤烟产量。Angellino等研究表明施用氮肥能增加烟叶面积，绿肥能增加叶片的数量且野豌豆的效果较明显The l
16、arger nitrogen quantities of vetch green manure with vetch affected the nicotine concentration of tobacco leaves.The different quantities of nitrogen lead to different concentrations.野豌豆中高的含氮量影响烟叶中烟碱的含量，不同的氮数对烟碱含量的影响不同,The irrigation systems did not considerably affect the nicotine concentrations of
17、 the plants,which are mainly connected with the form of territorial nitrogen that is mainly organic and progressively mineralizes.灌溉系统对烤烟叶片中烟碱的含量的影响小，烟碱含量主要与土壤中氮的形态有关，有机态氮和矿化态氮,5.Conclusions,Our results indicate that irrigation system had greatly affected the growth of tobacco.There were no signican
18、t differences between the drip and sprinkler irrigation for root biomass.The highest yield of tobacco was measured under drip irrigation.结论表明灌溉系统对烤烟的生长起着重要的作用，滴管条件下烤烟的产量高于喷灌，但滴管和喷灌对根系生物量的影响并没有明显区别Agronomic water use efciency for drip irrigation was always higher than those for sprinkler irrigation.滴
19、管条件下水分利用效率高于喷灌,Green manures increased root mass and yield.The most signicant impact was observed when vetch was applied to soil.绿肥能增加烤烟产量及根系生物量，且野豌豆的效果比较明显Concerning the organic agriculture system the green manure can affect the tobacco quality and with the choice of the suitable green manure plant the levels of nicotine concentration can also be affected.在有机农业中绿肥能影响烤烟的质量，适合的绿肥也能有效影响叶片中烟碱含量,The EndThank You!导师：毛昆明 郭怡卿 姓名：梅燕飞 时间：2012.5.6,
