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1、1,Designing Information Architecturefor Search,Marti HearstUniversity of California,Berkeleywww.sims.berkeley.edu/hearstNSF CAREER Grant,NSF9984741,Tutorial:SIGIR 2001,2,Outline,MotivationSearch Interfaces:Web search vs Site SearchSearch UIs:What works;what doesntMethodologyInformation Architecture
2、DefinedFaceted MetadataIntegrating Search into IA via Faceted MetadataResults of Usability StudiesToolsConclusions,3,Contributors to the Research,Dr.Rashmi SinhaGraduate StudentsAme ElliottJennifer EnglishKirsten SwearingtonPing YeeResearch funded by NSF CAREER Grant,NSF9984741,4,Motivation and Back
3、ground,5,Claims,Web Search is OKGets people to the right starting pointsWeb SITE search is NOT okThe best way to improve site search isNOT to make new fancy algorithmsInstead,6,The best way to improve search:,Improve the User Interface,7,Recent Study by Vividence Research,Spring 2001,69 web sites70%
4、eCommerce31%Service21%Content 2%CommunityThe most common problems:53%had poorly organized search results32%had poor information architecture32%had slow performance27%had cluttered home pages25%had confusing labels15%invasive registration13%inconsistent navigation,8,Vividence findings:effects on user
5、s,Poorly organized search resultsFrustration and wasted timePoor information architectureConfusionDead endsback and forthingForced to search,9,Vividence findings:effects on users,Cluttered home pagesCreates disinterestWastes timeNo contrast:everything has equal weightDont know where to startFailure
6、to engageNo call to actionFailure to establish navigationLayout reflects company organization chartInvestor centeredness,10,Vividence findings:characteristics,Inconsistent NavigationPrimary navigation bar is,in fact,really secondaryUn-scalable designsPoor transitions between company divisionsJunk Dr
7、awer navigation barsRandom linksShoe-horned functionsHeavy need to hit the back-button,11,Vividence Study,Breakdown of most common search problems41%-of searches encountered no problems20%-had search problems not named below14%-of searches were not“advanced”enough12%-did not organize results well10%
8、-of searches yielded inaccurate/unrelated results 9%-were too slow 8%-of searches had insufficient instructions 7%-engine was too difficult to locate 7%-of searches produced too few results 7%-of searches were too limiting 3%-of searches produced an error message 3%-were too difficult to use,12,Othe
9、r Relevant Studies,Commercial studies(are not usually scientific,do not supply full details)CreativeG Holiday 2000 ecommerce reportUIE,and Jared Spools talks:http:/studies(often less relevant to real web situations)Many papers from the CHI proceedings http:/www.acm.org/dl/Papers from Human Factors a
10、nd the Web http:/See the extensive bibliography from my textbook chapter(in this package).,13,The Philosophy,Information architecture should be designed to integrate search throughoutSearch results should reflect the information architecture.This supports an interplay between navigation and searchTh
11、is supports the most common human search strategies.,14,The Approach,Assign faceted metadata to content itemsAllow users to navigate through the faceted metadata in a flexible manner Organize search results according to the faceted metadata so navigation looks similar throughoutGive previews of next
12、 choicesAllow access to previous choices,15,Advantages of the Approach,Supports different task typesHighly constrained known-item searches use one interfaceOpen-ended,browsing tasks use another interfaceBoth types of interface use the same underlying structureCan easily switch from one interface typ
13、e to the other midstream,16,Advantages of the Approach,Honors many of the most important usability design goalsUser controlProvides context for resultsReduces short term memory loadAllows easy reversal of actionsProvides consistent view,17,Advantages of the Approach,Allows different people to add co
14、ntent without breaking thingsCan make use of standard technology,18,Web Search vs.Site Search,19,Web Search is Working!,Survey finds high user satisfactionStudy by npd grouphttp:/,20,Why is Web Search Working?,Web Search is Successful at Finding Good Starting Points(home pages)Evidence:Search engine
15、s usingLink analysisPage popularityInterwoven categoriesThese all find dominant home pages,21,22,23,Organizing Search Results:What works,What Doesnt,There is a lot of prior work on thisCha-Cha(Chen et al.1999)Scatter-Gather clustering(Cutting et al.93,Hearst et al.1996)Becoming more prevalent in web
16、 search too.TeomaVivisimoNorthern Light,24,Putting Results into Clusters,25,Drilldown what does it mean?,26,Vivisimo same idea,27,28,Yahoo lists category matches,29,Web Search Results Grouping,Drill down one category Cannot mix and match categoriesNot clear if it is useful or notCan help differentia
17、te different meanings of the same word.But what about site search?,30,If Web search engines are providing source selection what happens when the user gets to the site?,Follow Links or Search,31,Following Hyperlinks,Works great when it is clear where to go nextFrustrating when the desired directions
18、are undetectable or unavailable,Site Search,Is not getting good reviews,32,An Analogy,text search,hypertext,33,Analogy,Hypertext:A fixed number of choices of where to go next;A glance at the map tells you where you are;But may not go where you want to go.To get from Topeka to Santa Fe,may have to go
19、 through Frostbite FallsSite Search:Can go anywhere;But may get stuck,disoriented,in a crevasse!,34,Goal:An All-Tertrain Vehicle,The best of both techniquesA vehicle that magically lays down track to suggest choices of where you want to go next based on what youve done so far and what you are trying
20、 to do The tracks follow the lay of the land and go everywhere,but cross over the crevassesThe tracks allow you to back up easily,35,Organizing Search ResultsWhat works;what doesnt,36,What works,what doesnt,There is negative evidence forClusteringFancy visualizationsThere is positive evidence forGro
21、uping into meaningful,consistent categoriesRelevance feedbackDepends how you do itShowing similar items,37,Kohonen Feature Maps on Text(from Chen et al.,JASIS 49(7),UWMS Data Mining Workshop,Study of Kohonen Feature Maps,H.Chen,A.Houston,R.Sewell,and B.Schatz,JASIS 49(7)Comparison:Kohonen Map and Ya
22、hooTask:“Window shop”for interesting home pageRepeat with other interfaceResults:Starting with map could repeat in Yahoo(8/11)Starting with Yahoo unable to repeat in map(2/14),UWMS Data Mining Workshop,Study(cont.),Participants liked:Correspondence of region size to#documentsOverview(but also wanted
23、 zoom)Ease of jumping from one topic to another Multiple routes to topicsUse of category and subcategory labels,UWMS Data Mining Workshop,Study(cont.),Participants wanted:hierarchical organizationother ordering of concepts(alphabetical)integration of browsing and searchcorresponce of color to meanin
24、g more meaningful labelslabels at same level of abstractionfit more labels in the given spacecombined keyword and category searchmultiple category assignment(sports+entertain),41,Visualization of Clusters,Huge 2D maps may be inappropriate focus for information retrieval Cant see what documents are a
25、boutDocuments forced into one position in semantic spaceSpace is difficult to use for IR purposesHard to view titlesPerhaps more suited for pattern discoveryproblem:often only one view on the space,42,Summary:Clustering(Based on other studies as well),Advantages:Get an overview of main themesDomain
26、independentDisadvantages:Many of the ways documents could group together are not shownNot always easy to understand what they meanDifferent levels of granularityProbably best for scientists onlyTake heart there is good evidence for organizing via categories!,43,The DynaCat System,Decide on important
27、 question types in an advanceWhat are the adverse effects of drug D?What is the prognosis for treatment T?Make use of MeSH categoriesRetain only those types of categories known to be useful for this type of query.,Pratt,W.,Hearst,M,and Fagan,L.A Knowledge-Based Approach to Organizing Retrieved Docum
28、ents.AAAI-99:Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence,Orlando,Florida,1999.,44,DynaCat,45,DynaCat Study,DesignThree queries24 cancer patientsCompared three interfacesranked list,clusters,categoriesResultsParticipants strongly preferred categoriesParticipants found
29、more answers using categoriesParticipants took same amount of time with all three interfaces,46,Cha-Cha(intranet search),Cha-Cha:A System for Organizing Intranet Search Results,by Chen,Hearst,Hong,and Lin,Proceedings of 2nd USENIX Symposium on Internet Systems,Boulder,CO,Oct 1999.cha-cha.berkeley.ed
30、u,47,Cha-Cha(intranet search),48,How People Search,49,The Standard Model,Assumptions:Maximizing precision and recall simultaneouslyThe information need remains staticThe value is in the resulting document set,50,“Berry-Picking”as an Information Seeking Strategy(Bates 90),Berry-picking modelInteresti
31、ng information is scattered like berries among bushesThe user learns as they progress,thus The query is continually shifting,51,A sketch of a searcher“moving through many actions towards a general goal of satisfactory completion of research related to an information need.”(after Bates 89),Q0,Q1,Q2,Q
32、3,Q4,Q5,52,Search Tactics and Strategies,Marcia J.Bates,Information Search Tactics,Journal of the AmericanSociety for Information Science,30,4,1979Marcia J.Bates,Where should the person stop and the informationsearch interfaces start?,Information Processing&Management,26,5,1990Marcia J.Bates,The Ber
33、ry-Picking Search:User Interface Design,UserInterface Design,Harold Thimbleby,Addison-Wesley,1990Marcia J.Bates,The design of browsing and berrypicking techniquesfor the on-line search interface,Online Review,1989,13,5,407431.Vicki L.ODay and Robin Jeffries,Orienteering in an informationlandscape:ho
34、w information seekers get from here to there,Proceedings of ACM INTERCHI 93,April,Amsterdam,1993Gary Marchionini,Information Seeking in Electronic Environments,Cambridge University Press,1995.,53,Tactics vs.Strategies,Tactic:short term goals and maneuversoperators,actionsStrategy:overall planninglin
35、k a sequence of operators together to achieve some end,54,An Important Strategy,Do a simple,general searchGets results in the generally correct areaLook around in the local space of those resultsIf that space looks wrong,start overAkin to Shneidermans overview+detailsOur approach supports this strat
36、egyIntegrate navigation with search,55,Term Tactics,Move around a thesaurusLook at category labelsLook at related termsLook at parent termsLook at child termsIn older literature,refers to navigating the thesaurus itself,as opposed to the items themselves.,56,Source-level Tactics,“Bibble”:look for a
37、pre-defined result set e.g.,a good link page on webSurvey:look ahead,review available optionse.g.,dont simply use the first term or first source that comes to mindCut:eliminate large proportion of search domaine.g.,search on rarest term first,57,Source-level Tactics(cont.),Stretchuse source in unint
38、ended waye.g.,use patents to find addressesScaffoldtake an indirect route to goale.g.,when looking for references to obscure poet,look up contemporaries,58,Monitoring Strategies,Checkcompare original goal with current stateWeighmake a cost/benefit analysis of current or anticipated actionsPatternrec
39、ognize common strategiesCorrect ErrorsRecordkeep track of(incomplete)paths,59,Additional Considerations(Bates 79),Need a Sort tacticWhen to stop?How to judge when enough information has been gathered?How to decide when to give up an unsuccesful search?When to stop searching in one source and move to
40、 another?,60,Information Architecture,61,A Taxonomy of WebSites,low,low,high,high,Complexity of Applications,Complexity of Data,From:The(Short)Araneus Guide to Website development,by Mecca,et al,Proceedings of WebDB99,http:/www-rocq.inria.fr/cluet/WEBDB/procwebdb99.html,62,A View of Website Design,I
41、nformation designstructure,categories of information Navigation designinteraction with information structure Graphic designvisual presentation of information and navigation(color,typography,etc.),Information Architecture,From Sitemaps,Storyboards,and Specifications:A Sketch of Web Site Design Practi
42、ce as Manifested Through Artifacts.M.W.Newman and J.A.Landay.In proceedings of Designing Interactive Systems:DIS 00.August 17-19,2000.,63,A View of Information Architecture,Content Items+Information Structure+Navigation Structure+Layout,64,Content Items,The information items that the site is designe
43、d to show the user.Individual content items can be considered leaves in a tree,or base-level items.Aggregates of individual(base-level)items can be considered to be content items.This definition is especially relevant for catalog-style sites,for example:Image collectionProduct sellingCollection of a
44、rticles on some topic(medical,legal)Collection of information about some entity(IRS,Park Service),65,Information Structure,Independent of the website.A set of descriptors which are used to characterize the content of a website.Consists primarly of a category structure and a set of textual labels.The
45、 categories can have flat,hierarchical,faceted or network structure.The textual labels include alternative ways of expressing the same concepts(synonyms).,66,Navigation Structure,Defined in terms of the website.Site level:The paths connecting content items throughout the site.Page level:The link fro
46、m one page to others.,67,Example from W,68,Content,Navigation Structure,69,Related Items,Often are content itemsRelated to the target by some shared information structureThe particular related items that are shown are revealed through the navigation structure,70,The Information Structure,Consists of
47、 a set of descriptors for the content itemsCant really see it directly,since it is independent of web site descriptionCan see parts of it in the navigation structure,71,A View of Information Architecture,Content Items,Information Structure,Start with an information structure(categoriesand labels)and
48、 a set of content items.,72,A View of Information Architecture,Content Items,Information Structure,Each content item is assigned some descriptors from the information structure.,Prod:CampingBrand:REIMaterial:NylonSize:4-person,73,Navigation structure links items or groups of items.,74,Navigation Str
49、ucture Differs from Information Structure,Example:Part of the info structure is the product hierarchy.Some products are assigned more than one spot in the hierarchy(e.g.,sports and games),thus forming a tree structureNavigation structure shows a progressive disclosure of the hierarchical structure o
50、nly.,75,Navigation Structure Differs from Information Structure,Example:Main navigation structure is the product hierarchy.However,“lateral”links are shown from product leaf nodes to other nodes(e.g.,from a tent to a flashlight and a sleeping bag),76,Navigation Structure Differs from Information Str
