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1、Chapter 5States of Consciousness,Some Early Definitions,Consciousness:All the sensations,perceptions,memories,and feelings you are aware of in any instantWaking Consciousness:Normal,clear,organized,alert awarenessAltered State of Consciousness(ASC):Awareness that is distinctly different in quality o
2、r pattern from waking consciousnessConsciousness is NOT an all-or-nothing phenomenonit exists on a continuum,Sleep,Definition:Innate,biological rhythmWhy do we sleep?What is happening in the brain during the various stages of sleep?,Figure 5.2,FIGURE 5.2 Sleep rhythms.Bars show periods of sleep duri
3、ng the fourth,fifth,and sixth weeks of an experiment with a human subject.During unscheduled periods,the subject was allowed to select times of sleep and lighting.The result was a sleep rhythm of about 25 hours.Notice how this free-running rhythm began to advance around the clock as they fell asleep
4、 later each day.When periods of darkness(shaded area)were imposed during the fifth week,the rhythm quickly resynchronized with 24-hour days.(Adapted from Czeisler,1981.),Figure 5.3,FIGURE 5.3 Development of sleep patterns.Short cycles of sleep and waking gradually become the night-day cycle of an ad
5、ult.While most adults dont take naps,midafternoon sleepiness is a natural part of the sleep cycle.,Measuring Sleep Changes,Electroencephalograph(EEG):Brain-wave machine;amplifies and records electrical activity in the brainBeta Waves:Small fast waves associated with alertness and being awakeAlpha Wa
6、ves:Larger,slower waves associated with relaxation and just before falling asleep Delta waves:Very large and slow waves associated with a move to deeper sleep and a further loss of consciousness.,Stages of Sleep,Stage 1:Small,irregular waves produced in light sleep(people may or may not say they wer
7、e asleep)Hypnic Jerk:Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur in Stage 1Stage 2:Deeper sleep;sleep spindles(bursts of distinctive brain-wave activity)appearStage 3:Deeper sleep;Delta waves appear;very large and slowStage 4:Deepest level of normal sleep;almost purely Delta waves,States of
8、Sleep,Rapid Eye Movements(REM):Associated with dreaming;sleep is very light.Body is very still during REM sleep.Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep is called REM Behavioral Disorder.Non-REM(NREM)Sleep:Occurs during stages 1,2,3,and 4;no rapid eye movement occurs.Seems to help us recover from d
9、aily fatigue.,Figure 5.6,FIGURE 5.6(a)Average proportion of time adults spend daily in REM sleep and NREM sleep.REM periods add up to about 20 percent of total sleep time.(b)Typical changes in stages of sleep during the night.Notice that dreams mostly coincide with REM periods.,Sleep Disturbances,In
10、somnia:Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep,or waking earlyTemporary Insomnia:Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry,stress,and excitement.Avoid fighting it and read a book,for example,until youre struggling to stay awake.Chronic Insomnia:Exists if sleeping troubles last for more
11、than three weeks.Adopt regular schedule;go to bed at the same time each night,for example.,Types and Causes of Insomnia,Temporary Insomnia:Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry,stress,and excitement.Avoid fighting it and read a book,for example,until youre struggling to stay awake.Chronic In
12、somnia:Exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks.Adopt regular schedule;go to bed at the same time each night,for example.Tryptophan:Amino acid(chemical)that produces sleep.,More Sleep Disturbances,Sleepwalking(Somnambulism):Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4Sleeptalking:Spe
13、aking while asleep;occurs in NREM sleep,Nightmares vs.Night terrors,Nightmares:Bad dreamsOccur during REM sleep May occur once or twice a month;brief and easily(unfortunately)rememberedImagery Rehearsal:Mentally rehearse the changed dream before you go to sleep again;may help to eliminate nightmares
14、Night Terrors:Total panic and hallucinations may occurOccurs during Stage 4 sleepMost common in childhood;may occur in adults,Physiological Sleep Problems,Sleep Apnea:Interrupted breathing during sleep;cause of very loud snoringHypersomnia:Extreme daytime sleepinessApnea can be treated by SurgeryWei
15、ght lossBreathing mask Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(SIDS;Crib Death):Sudden,unexplained death of healthy infant(infants should sleep on back or on side to try to prevent),Dreams,REM Rebound:Extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM sleep deprivationPsychodynamic(Freudian)Theory:Emphasizes interna
16、l conflicts,motives,and unconscious forcesWish Fulfillment:Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desiresManifest content vs.Latent contentDream Symbols:Images that have a deeper symbolic meaningActivation-Synthesis Hypothesis:Dream content may be affected by motor commands
17、in the brain(that occur during sleep)that are not carried out,Dream Interpretation:Freud,Four dream processes(mental filters)that hide true purposes of dreamsCondensation:Combining several people,objects,or events into a single dream imageDisplacement:Directing emotions or actions toward safe or uni
18、mportant dream imagesSymbolization:Expressing feelings or ideas symbolically in dreams;not literal expressionSecondary Elaboration:Making a dream more logical and adding details while remembering it,Dreams:Perls,Most dreams are a special message about what is missing in our lives,what we avoid doing
19、 when awake,or feelings that we need to re-own,Lucid Dreaming,Person feels fully awake within the dream and feels capable of normal thought and action,Hypnosis,Altered state of consciousness characterized by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestionMesmer:Believed he could cu
20、re diseases by passing magnets over body;true“animal magnetism”(“mesmerize”means to hypnotize)Must cooperate to become hypnotizedHypnotic Susceptibility:How easily a person can be hypnotizedthis is a stable,measurable trait,Hypnosis Cans and Cannots,Hypnosis CANHelp people relaxReduce painGet people
21、 to make better progress in therapyHypnosis CANNOTProduce acts of superhuman strengthProduce age regressionForce you to do things against your will,Stage Hypnosis,Simulation of hypnotic effects.Tricks of the Trade:Waking Suggestibility:People on stage do not want to spoil the act,so they will follow
22、 any instruction.Selection of Responsive Subjects:Any“volunteer”who does not get hypnotized in the stage group and does not follow instructions is“voted off.”The Hypnosis Label Disinhibits:On stage,once you are“in a hypnotic trance,”your responsibility for actions is removed;you can do whatever you
23、want!,More Stage Hypnosis“Tricks of the Trade”,Hypnotist as Director:Once they are in a trance,the“volunteers”are suddenly the shows stars,and they will act like it.The hypnotists only need to direct them.Stage Hypnotists Use Tricks:Stage hypnosis is 50%deception and 50%taking advantage of the situa
24、tion,Meditation,Mental exercise designed to produce relaxation or heightened awarenessConcentrative Meditation:Attention is paid to a single focal point(i.e.,object,thought,etc.)Produces relaxation response and thus works to reduce stressReceptive Meditation:Based on widening attention span to becom
25、e aware of everything experienced at a given momentMantra:Word(s)or sound(s)repeated silently during concentrative meditationRelaxation Response:Occurs at time of relaxation;internal response that prevents activation of adrenal glands,Sensory Deprivation(SD),Any major reduction in amount or variety
26、of sensory stimulationBenefitsSensory enhancementRelaxationChanging habitsREST:Restricted Environmental Stimulation Theory:Makes it easier to change bad habits,Figure 5.10,FIGURE 5.10 A sensory isolation chamber.Small flotation tanks like the one pictured have been used by psychologists to study the
27、 effects of mild sensory deprivation.Subjects float in darkness and silence.The shallow body-temperature water contains hundreds of pounds of Epsom salts,so that subjects float near the surface.Mild sensory deprivation produces deep relaxation.,Drugs and Altered States of Consciousness,Psychoactive
28、Drug:Substance capable of altering attention,judgment,memory,time sense,self-control,emotion,or perceptionStimulant:Substance that increases activity in body and nervous systemDepressant:Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system,Figure 5.11,FIGURE 5.11 Spectrum and continuum of dr
29、ug action.Many drugs can be rated on a stimulation-depression scale according to their effects on the central nervous system.Although LSD,mescaline,and marijuana are listed here,the stimulation depression scale is less relevant to these drugs.The principal characteristic of such hallucinogens is the
30、ir mind-altering quality.,Physical Dependence,Physical Dependence:Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptomsDrug Tolerance:Reduction in bodys response to a drugWithdrawal Symptoms:Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug,Psychological Dependence,Psychological Dependence:Drug
31、dependence based on psychological or emotional needsUsually crave drugCan be as powerful as physiological addiction,Stimulants(Uppers),Amphetamine:Synthetic stimulants that excite nervous systemDexedrine and Methamphetamine are two types of stimulantsAmphetamine Psychosis:Loss of contact with realit
32、y because of amphetamine use;user tends to have paranoid delusions,Cocaine,Central Nervous System stimulant derived from leaves of coca plant;also used as local anestheticFrom 1886-1906,Coca-Cola did indeed have cocaine in it!Highly addictive drugAnhedonia(Inability to Feel Pleasure):Common after co
33、caine withdrawal,Designer Drugs,Chemically engineered version of an existing drug;made to skirt drug lawsMDMA(Ecstasy):Chemically similar to amphetamine;created by small variations in a drugs structureRisks of using MDMA are unclearMay cause severe liver damage Repeated use damages serotonergic brai
34、n cells,Caffeine,Most frequently used psychoactive drug in North America;present in colas,chocolate,coffee,teaCauses hand tremors,sweating,talkativeness,tinnitus,suppresses fatigue or sleepiness,increases alertnessMay be hazardous to pregnant women if used excessivelyCaffeinism:Physiological depende
35、nce on caffeineSymptoms:Insomnia,irritability,loss of appetite,chills,racing heart,elevated body temperature,Nicotine,Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco;known carcinogenMay cause stomach pain,vomiting,diarrhea,confusion,tremorsAddictiveResponsible for 97%of lung cancer deaths in men,74%in wom
36、enSum:DONT SMOKE;SMOKING KILLS(SO DOES CHEWING TOBACCO),Sedatives:Barbiturates,Barbiturates:Sedative drugs that depress brain activitySeconal and Amytal are two types,Sedatives:Tranquilizers,Tranquilizers:Lower anxiety and reduce tensionValium,Xanax,and Librium are three typesRohypnol:Related to Val
37、ium;lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication.Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleepDate rape drug because its odorless and tastelessDrug Interaction:One drug increases the effect of another,GHB,GHB(Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate):Central Nervous System(CNS)depressant that rela
38、xes and sedates;combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleanerSedative effects may result in nausea,loss of muscle control,and either sleep or a loss of consciousnessInhibits gag reflex,so some choke to death on their own vomitAddictive and deadly,Alcohol,Ethyl Alcohol:Intoxicating element in f
39、ermented and distilled liquorsNOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitionsDepressantBinge Drinking:Consuming five or more drinks in a short time;four or more for womenSerious sign of alcohol abuse,Figure 5.12,FIGURE 5.12 The behavioral effects of alcohol are related to blood alcohol content and the re
40、sulting suppression of higher mental function.Arrows indicate the typical threshold for legal intoxication in the United States.,How a Drinking Problem May Develop(Jellinek,1960),Initial Phase:Social drinker turns to alcohol to relieve tension or feel goodCrucial Phase:Person begins to lose control
41、over drinkingChronic Phase:Person is now alcohol dependent,Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence,Detoxification:Withdrawal of the person from alcohol;occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled;often necessary before long-term treatment begins,Alcoholics Anonymous(AA),Alcoholics Anony
42、mous(AA):Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics;emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.Spiritual componentFree;around for over 70 years!,Some Hallucinogens,Hallucinogen:Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptionsLysergic Aci
43、d Diethylamide(LSD):Hallucinogen that can produce hallucinations and other psychotic symptomsMescaline(Peyote)and Psilocybin(Magic Mushrooms)PCP(Angel Dust):Initially can have hallucinogenic effects;also an anesthetic and has stimulant and depressant effects,Marijuana,Cannabis Sativa(Marijuana;Pot):
44、Leaves and flowers of the hemp plantActive chemical:THCEffects:Relaxation,time distortion,perceptual distortionsPsychologically,NOT physiologically,addictive,Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana,Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.Can suppress immune system,perhaps increasing risk of disease.Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.Pot may damage some of the brains memory centers.,
