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1、Chapter 4 Choice of sentence Long and short sentences,Short sentences:emphatic,clear,easy to be rememberedLiars should have good memories.（proverb)Rolling stone gathers no moss.（proverb)Practice makes perfect.（proverb)PLEASE PAY CONDUCTOR（sign on a bus)NO ADMITTANCE（sign)You be the judge.Compare qua
2、lity，brands，price.（advertisement)5,000 needed urgently.Please help.Any donation humbly received.Will repay if needs be next year.（classified advertisement),Position of Short sentences,（1）When two of the worlds most famous and literate scientists collaborate to produce a book aimed at expanding conte
3、mporary ideas about the nature of living things，the book should be well worth reading，but this one isnt.(2）When two of the worlds most famous and literate scientists collaborate to produce a book aimed at expanding contemporary ideas about the nature of living things，the book should be well worth re
4、ading.But this one isnt.,Likewise，the final short sentence，which is a question in the following example，suggests great emphasis：The increased number of joggers，the booming sales of exercise bicycles and other physical training devices，the record number of entrants in marathon races一all clearly indic
5、ate the growing belief among Americans that strenuous，prolonged exercise is good for their health.But is it?,Short sentences:simplicity,directnessCaution:overused Choppy,immature,monotonous,Choppy sentences:overuse of short sentences,At least 50,000 grizzly bears ranged from Texas to Oregon.That was
6、 before the white man came.Today，no more than 1,000 survive in the lower 48 states.This is the result of hunting，poaching，and encroachment on their habitat.In the 1960s the National Park Service issued a decree.They stated that the animals could no longer be fed by the public.The bears had long fora
7、ged in old dump sites.The sites were abruptly closed.Hotel-keepers used to put food out for the bears.They were no longer allowed to do this.The bears began to look for food.They looked in campgrounds.They looked outside the parks as well.Inevitably，the grizzlies began to be shot.They would be shot
8、just for showing up.Conservationists must devise a solution.The grizzly will eventually disappear.,Improved:,Before the white man came，at least 50,000 grizzly bears ranged from Texas to Oregon.Today，as a result of hunting，poaching，and encroachment on their habitat，no more than 1,000 survive in the l
9、ower 48 states.In the 1960s the National Park Service decreed that the animals could no longer be fed by the public.Old dump sites，where the bears had long foraged，were abruptly closed.Hotel-keepers were no longer allowed to put food out for the bears.As a result，the bears began looking for food not
10、 only in campgrounds but outside the parks as well.Inevitably，the grizzlies began to be shot just for showing up.Unless conservationists can devise a solution，the grizzly will soon disappear.,Long sentences,Example 1:Any person who without lawful authority enters or attempts to enter any prison prop
11、erty or loiters about or near or communicates or attempts to communicate in any way with any prisoner is liable to imprisonment for a term of six months or a penalty of200 or both.Any person who wishes to visit the prisoner for official，scientific or sociological purposes may take application to the
12、 governor of the prison unless he already has written authority from the Commissioner of Corrective Services.,the preamble to the Charter of the United Nations:,Example 2:We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,which twice in our lifetim
13、e has brought untold sorrow to mankind，and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights in the dignity and worth of the human person，in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small，and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treat
14、ies and other sources of international law can be maintained，,and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom，and for these ends，to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors，and to unite our strength to maintain international peace
15、 and security，and to ensure，by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods，that armed force shall not be used，save in the common interest,and to employ international machinery for the promotion of economic and social dvancement of all peoples，have resolved to combine our efforts to a
16、ccomplish these aims.,Long sentences offer comparable risks and opportunities.They can bemake the reader or,sometimes，the writer himself lose track of the main idea.With too many long sentences，the writing will sound dull，heavy and laborious.But when it is in good control，a long sentence can gather
17、upand convey the full measure of a complex thought,with all its distinctions，,Alternating short and long sentences,We can not decide which is better in our writing：a longer sentence or a shorter one.It depends on the writers purpose，its location in the paragraph，and its relations to other sentences
18、in the paragraph.The most effective sentences are thosethat are the most direct in their meaning，the smoothest in rhythm，and most appropriate in their emphasis.But an effective sentence should not only clearlyconvey an idea，it should also please the reader by its rhythm，its balanced parts，andthe sat
19、isfying arrangement of its ideas.,Key points:long sentences for illustration and explanation;long sentences for the summary of critical points or contrast or forceful epigrams,We are not so easily misled by vision.Most of the things before our eyes are plainly there,not mistakable for other things e
20、xcept for illusions created by professional magicions and,sometimes,the look of the lights of downtown New York against a sky so black as to make it seem a near view of eternity.Our eyes are not easy to fool.(refreshing and arresting).,Short sentences a long sentence(climax),Analysis and comment:,Ma
21、ny teachers can give students information.Very few can inspire students to learn.Information is of little use to the student.Soon he will leave college.Then he will forget what he has memorized.He must be inspired to learn on his own.,Improved version A:Many teachers can give students information,bu
22、t few can inspire them to learn.When a student leaves college,the information he has memorized will be of little use and will soon be forgotten.What he needs most is the ability to learn on his own.,Improved version b：While many teachers can give students information,few caninspire them to learn.But information which a student has memorized will be of little use to him and will soon be forgotten once he leaves college.Hence he must be inspired tolearn on his own.,
