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1、Nutrition of the Sow母 猪 的 营 养,美国大豆协会中国办事处畜禽技术主任Philip McKinnon,Ph.DLivestock Technical Director ASA China美国大豆协会Frank Aherne博士讲稿改编Adapted from Dr.Frank Aherne ASA Consultant,母猪的饲喂 Feeding Sows,确定母猪饲喂水平和营养需要的根据是：The feeding levels and nutrient requirements of sows should be determined by:妊娠期：母猪体重和目标增重
2、In Gestation:sow weight+target weight gain泌乳期：母猪体重和泌乳量In Lactation:sow weight+milk yield数据越全面，母猪能量和营养需要量就确定得越准确The more data available,the better the estimate of the sows energy and nutrient requirements.,A suggested feeding program for replacement gilts to 115kg liveweight后备母猪到115千克体重的饲喂方案,2.46,Avg
3、 平均,3.25,.50,.60,.65,14.0,2.90,90-115,3.25,.55,.65,.75,15.5,2.75,75-90,3.25,.65,.75,.85,17.0,2.5,50-75,3.25,.7,.80,1.05,19.5,1.7,25-50,Mcal DE/kg消化能(千卡/千克),Phosphorus磷,Calcium钙,Lysine赖氨酸,Protein蛋白质,Feed/d(kg)日采食(千克),Wt.(kg)体重(千克),Common targets for replacement gilts后备母猪通常的体况标准,Gilts selected on farm
4、 at 145 155 days weight 95 to 105 kg11 to 13 mm P2 backfat 小母猪到达繁殖猪场时应为145-155日龄,届时体重应为95-105千克，P2背膘厚应为11-13毫米,For gilts younger than 145 days of age and/or with less than 14 mm P2 backfat at 110 to 115 kg(final selection)对于145日龄时体重小于 110-115千克体重或背膘厚小于14毫米的小母猪(最后选育时)Feed a fat enhancing diet until t
5、he gilts have 16 t0 17 mm P2应饲喂脂肪强化日粮直到P2背膘厚达到16-17毫米,The effects of age at breeding on longevity and performance,2357 records,L42 PIC sows(Alberta Pig Company2000)PIC42系母猪,2357份记录,首配日龄对利用年限和性能的影响,Holder et al.1995,Performance of early and late maturing gilts早成熟和晚成熟小母猪的性能,When to breed?何时配种?,Our rec
6、ommendation 我们的建议Preferred age/weight at breeding 配种时适宜的日龄和体重 190 days 大于190日龄120 to 130 kg 体重120-130千克16 to 18 mm P2 backfat P2背膘厚16-18毫米second estrus 第二情期,Performance Goals 性能目标,妊娠期Gestation,目标是，各胎次母猪分娩时的P2背膘厚都应为18-20毫米(用超声波背膘测试仪检测)Aim for 18-20 mm P2 backfat for all parity sows at farrowing,measu
7、red with ultrasonic backfat tester.,妊娠母猪饲料需要量(0-100天)Feed requirements for gestating sows(d 0-d 100),日粮含蛋白质13.5%；赖氨酸0.55；代谢能3兆卡/千克Diet contains 13.5%protein,0.55%lysine 3 Mcal ME/kg,妊娠后期的饲喂方式Pattern of Feeding Late Gestation,从妊娠90天到分娩期间，每天的标准饲喂水平必须增加1.0-1.5千克以预防动用体脂.Standard feeding levels must be i
8、ncreased by 1.0 to 1.5 kg feed per day from d 90 of gestation until farrowing to prevent mobilization of body fat.,妊娠期胎儿的生长,胎儿和胎膜的重量(克),受胎后天数,泌乳期 LACTATION,最大限度增加采食量maximize feed intakes,许多母猪都不能摄入足够的能量和养分以满足自身的需要Many sows do not consume sufficient energy and/or nutrients to meet their requirements,后
9、果 Consequence失重过多会导致泌乳量和繁殖性能降低,并提早被淘汰。Excessive weight loss,which may lead to reduced milk yield,poor reproductive performance and early culling from the herd.,泌乳期采食量对繁殖性能的影响Effect of feed intake during lactation on reproductive performance,University of Alberta,1990 加拿大Alberta大学,在泌乳期的任何一周限制养分都会显著影响
10、母猪的繁殖力Nutrient restriction in any week of lactation will significantly influence sow fertility.,头胎泌乳母猪蛋白质损失和卵巢功能的关系Relationship between protein loss and ovarian function in lactating first-litter sows,Clowes and Aherne 1999,由于母猪泌乳期体重损失中既损失了蛋白质，也损失了脂肪，所以脂肪损失和以后繁殖性能之间的强相关可能明确地反映了蛋白质损失到了阈值以下。Because so
11、w weight loss in lactation usually consists of both protein and fat,a strong correlation between fat loss and subsequent reproductive performance may simply reflect the loss of protein below her threshold,泌乳早期采食量的重要性Importance of early lactation feed intake,采食量低或高的母猪在泌乳第一周的差别最大 Difference between po
12、or and high consuming sows greater during first week of lactation猪群繁殖性能会因泌乳早期个体间的巨大差异而出现巨大差别。Herds variation in reproductive performance due to higher sow to sow variation in early lactation feed intake,(30个猪场，共11,700头母猪),泌乳期的饲喂方式Pattern of Feeding During Lactation,逐渐增加采食量到满足母猪的食欲，这可能需要每天饲喂三次。Increa
13、se feed intake gradually to sows appetite.This may require going to 3 meals/day.,Day 12 to Weaning第12天到断奶,保持最低目标水平Hold at minimum target level.,Day 8-12 第 8-12 天,增加日采食量,以达到泌乳第7天的目标.Increase feed intake daily to meet minimum target by day 7 of lactation,Day 3 7 第3-7 天,2.5,Day 1 and 2 第 1 和第 2 天,1.5 t
14、o 2.0,Day of Farrowing(d 0)分娩后天数(第 0 天),Kg feed/day 日采食(千克),Reasons for gradual increase in sow feed intake缓慢增加泌乳母猪采食量的理由,Sow constipation 母猪便秘Agalactia 无乳Mastitis 乳房炎Milk scours in the litter 乳猪下痢Sows going off feed later in lactation 泌乳后期采食量下降,泌乳母猪的能量和营养需要量Energy and nutrient requirements of lacta
15、ting sows,NRC 1998*diet contains 3.27 Mcal ME/kg 每千克日粮含代谢能3.27兆卡,合成乳汁所需要的理想蛋白质组成Ideal protein ratios for milk synthesis,高瘦肉型泌乳母猪饲喂指南HIGH-LEAN SOWS LACTATION FEED GUIDELINES,玉米-豆粕基础日粮（去皮）-不添加麸皮或添加量最高不超过5%CORN-SOYBEAN MEAL(DEHULLED)-NO WHEAT BRAN OR MAXIMUM 5%自由采食-猪能吃多少喂多少 FULL FEED TO APPETITE AS MUC
16、H AS SOW WILL EAT 18%粗蛋白 18%CRUDE PROTEIN 0.95-1%赖氨酸-全价蛋白质(豆粕,膨化全脂大豆),非合成氨基酸 0.95-1.0%LYSINE COMPLETE PROTEIN(SBM,Extruded Full Fat SBM),NOT SYNTHETIC AMINO ACIDS-(夏天需要高水平的日粮以补偿采食量的降低)-(HIGHER LEVELS MAY BE NEEDED IN SUMMER TO COMPENSATE REDUCED FEED INTAKE)3-5%豆油 3-5%SOY OIL,影响泌乳期采食量的因素Factors Affe
17、cting Feed Intake During Lactation,妊娠期采食量Feed intake during gestation圈舍气温Barn temperature每天饲喂次数Frequency of feeding饲喂水平Level of feeding饮水供应量Water availability,Effect of ambient temperature on energy intake of lactating sows环境温度对泌乳母猪能量摄入量的影响,Voluntary Energy intake主动能量摄入量,Critical Temperature 温度适中区Lower:19 下限：19Upper:22 上限：22,Ambient Temperature（）环境温度(),Zone of thermal comfort温度适中区,饮水供应量Water Availability乳头状饮水器的流量应为每分钟2升Nipple drinker should allow a flow of 2 liters per minute,
