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1、如何培养大学生的创业精神与创业能力How to Foster Undergraduates Entrepreneurship 高文兵 Gao Wenbing 中南大学 Central South University,提纲 OUTLINE,1.什么是创业精神与创业能力？What is entrepreneurship?2.为什么要培养创业精神与创业能力？Why to cultivate undergraduates entrepreneurship?3.如何培养大学生的创业精神和创业能力 How to cultivate undergraduates entrepreneurship?4.中南
2、大学创业教育情况介绍 Brief Introduction of Entrepreneurial Education in CSU,什么是创业精神与创业能力？What is entrepreneurship?,1.1 创业精神与创业能力的内涵The components of entrepreneurship,创业精神（企业家精神）是指把想法转化为行动的个人能力，包括以下能力：创造力 创新力,哈佛定义Harvard university,承担预计的风险规划和管理项目以实现目标,这种能力：对家庭和社会的日常生活有所帮助使雇员更好地认识工作环境以抓住机遇为创业者开展社会或商业活动提供基础,创业精神
3、和创业能力用英文表示为：entrepreneurship,Entrepreneurship includes double meanings in Chinese:entrepreneurial spirit entrepreneurial competency,Entrepreneurship is the pursuit of opportunity beyond the resources you currently control,欧洲委员会,创业精神和能力是一个人不以当前有限的资源为基础而追求商机的精神和能力,中英文释义,1.1 创业精神与创业能力的内涵The components
4、of entrepreneurship,创业精神-是一种善于捕捉和利用机会，敢于承受必要风险、充分发挥创造力以实现创新的心理状态与文化过程,创业能力主要包括：机会识别能力 机会开发能力 组织管理能力 战略能力 关系能力 承诺能力,Entrepreneurial Competencies include recognize opportunity create opportunity organization and management strategic management public relations ability promise-keeping,Entrepreneurial s
5、pirit is such kind of mental or cultural state,which can stimulate people to seize opportunity,take risks,show creativity,and achieve innovation.,一般定义Definition,清华大学Tsinghua University,中国学者关于创业精神和创业能力的定义 Definition of entrepreneurship from Chinese scholars,not only about creating business plans and
6、starting new venturesalso about creativity,innovation and growth,a way of thinking and acting relevant to all parts of the economy and society as well as the whole surrounding ecosystem,创业不仅是构建新的商业企划和创建新企业也是关于创造力、创新和发展，是与经济、社会及整个周边生态系统有关的一种思维和行动方法,我强调I stress,2.为什么要培养创业精神与创业能力？Why to cultivate entre
7、preneurship?,2.1 必要性Drive forces of entrepreneurship cultivation,联合国教科文组织和国际劳工局的研究结果,Findings from studies of United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)&International Labor Office(ILO),创业能促进当地经济发展创业能创造就业机会创业能提高个人就业能力创业能降低贫困人口,Entrepreneurship have played an important rol
8、e to local economic developmentEntrepreneurship have played an important role to employment creationEntrepreneurship have played an important role to employabilityEntrepreneurship have played an important role to poverty reduction,从2000年到2010年，中国大陆每年的大学生毕业人数平均每年增加20%，大学生就业形势日趋严峻,中国现状 status quo in C
9、hina,From 2000 to2010，the average annual increase rate of college graduates in Mainland China is about 20%,which leads to a difficult employment situation,2.2 联合国教科文组织的政策Policy of UNESCO,Article 7-Strengthening co-operation with the world of work and analysing and anticipating societal needs(d)Devel
10、oping entrepreneurial skills and initiative should become major concerns of higher education,in order to facilitate employability of graduates who will increasingly be called upon to be not only job seekers but also and above all to become job creators.,adopted by theWORLD CONFERENCE ON HIGHER EDUCA
11、TION,2.2 联合国教科文组织的政策Policy of UNESCO,国家战略2002年十六大报告千方百计扩大就业不断改善人民生活就业是民生之本2007年十七大报告实施扩大就业的发展战略促进以创业带动就业2009年国务院办公厅关于加强普通高等学校毕业生就业工作的通知把高校毕业生就业摆在当前就业工作的首位鼓励和支持高校毕业生自主创业鼓励高校积极开展创业教育和实践活动,The Sixteenth Congress Report 2002:make every attempts to expand jobs improve peoples lives Employment is the Basi
12、c ThingThe Seventeenth Congress Report 2007:implement the strategy to expand employment promote entrepreneurship to create jobsIn 2009,Notice of State Council on strengthening the employment of college graduates required put the employment of college graduates to the first position of current employ
13、ment encourage and support college graduates to start their own businesses encourage universities to actively develop enterprise education and practice,National Strategy,2.3 中国政府的战略Strategy of Chinese Government,教育部要求2004年20032007年教育振兴行动计划加强对教师和学生的创业教育采取措施鼓励他们自主创办高新技术企业2008年加大创业教育工作力度实现高校毕业生自主创业人数明显
14、增加2010年全面加强高校学生创业教育成立“高校创业教育指导委员会”积极建设高校学生创业实践及孵化基地加强对高校毕业生自主创业的政策扶持力度,2004 2003-2007 Action Plan for Invigorating Education strengthen entrepreneurship education to teachers and students take measures to encourage them to open their own high-tech enterprisesIn 2008:efforts to increase entrepreneurs
15、hip education increase the number of college graduates to start their own businessesIn 2010 strengthen entrepreneurship education to college studentsestablish enterprise education steering committee develop business practices and incubator for college students strengthen the policy to support colleg
16、e graduates to start their own businesses,Requirement from the MoE,2.3 中国政府的战略Strategy of Chinese Government,3.如何培养大学生的创业精神和创业能力 How to cultivate entrepreneurship?,3.1 创业教育是重要途径Entrepreneurship education is an important approach,创业精神和创业能力可教可学吗？,“你所听到的关于创业精神和创业能力的大部分都是完全错误的。它不是魔术，它并不神秘，也与基因无关。它是一门学科，
17、就像任何学科，它是可以学会的。”-Drucker,创业教育何时进行？,创业教育是开发创业技能、态度和行为的重要途径它是一个终身学习的过程要尽早开始以正式和非正式形式开展各层级的创业教育,Can entrepreneurship be taught or learned?,Entrepreneurship education is critical for developing entrepreneurial skills,attitudes and behaviorsIt can be understood as a lifelong process.It is important to st
18、art as early as possible at all levels of formal and informal education.,When to begin entrepreneurship education?,创业教育的目的是什么？,提高学生的创业意识培养学生创业能力以识别和利用机遇培训学生创建和发展企业所需的的技能,develop entrepreneurial drive among students(raising awareness and motivation)develop the entrepreneurial ability to identify and
19、exploit opportunitiestrain students in the skills they need to set up a business and manage its growth,Objectives of entrepreneurship education？,高校的创业教育为发展各学科的知识密集型的高成长性企业提供了机会高等教育机构应当构建培育创业意识、技能和行为的环境大学应教育学生如何创建和发展企业以造福社会,全球经济论坛瑞士 2009年4月,全球教育倡议,教育新世代的企业家开发创业能力以满足21世纪全球挑战,3.1 创业教育是重要途径Entrepreneurs
20、hip education is an important approach,全球教育倡议2009要求,创业教育与创业行为之间有“时滞”研究发现，企业创办者的平均年龄为33-35岁，大约在完成大学教育十年之内创业,创业教育一定导致大学生创业率提高？,there is often a substantial time lag between entrepreneurship education and its impactstudies show that the average age to start up own business is between 33 to 35,about 10
21、years after finishing university study,Entrepreneurship education will lead to the high business startup rate?,创业教育entrepreneurial education,创业促进promotion of entrepreneurship,减少进入障碍reduction of entry barriers,启动支持start-up support,启动融资start-up financing,目标群体政策target group policies,Opportunity机会,Motiv
22、ation动机,Skill技能,Stevenson构建创业政策环境的MOS模型(MOS Model for Entrepreneurship Policy),3.2 创业环境的构成要素Factors that form a good entrepreneurship environment,目标 Objectives营造创业氛围To develop an entrepreneurial atmosphere培养创业意识To foster favourable attitudes to entrepreneurship鼓励创业To encourage entrepreneurship提高创业率
23、To increase the business startup rate/the number of new firms,创业教育entrepreneurial education,减少进入障碍reduction of entry barriers,启动支持start-up support,启动融资start-up financing,目标群体政策target group policies,包括各个层次的创业教育integration of entrepreneurship education in the schools and all levels of post-secondary e
24、ducation营造创业文化和积极的创业态度promotion of an entrepreneurship culture and more favorable attitudes降低创立企业的门槛reduction of barriers to entry,elimination of obstacles to entrepreneurship and proactive measures to make it easier for enterprises to enter the market支持创建新企业，诸如创业指导、孵化器、一站式服务等start-up business suppo
25、rts,such as mentoring programs,incubators,one-stop shops,peer networks,and online start-up portals aimed at increasing the number of new local businesses为新企业提供种子资金、贷款等provision of seed financing and loans/equity for new businesses针对特殊群体（如：年轻人、女人、技术企业家）的特殊政策tailored efforts to increase the business o
26、wnership participation rates,and to meet the specific needs,of under-represented target groups,such as youth,women,ethnic minorities,technology entrepreneurs,Aboriginals,etc.,创业促进promotion of entrepreneurship,3.2 创业环境的构成要素Factors that form a good entrepreneurship environment,3.3 教什么？怎么教？What to be t
27、aught?How should it be taught?,全球教育倡议报告2009研究结果（Study from GEI report 2009）,3.3 教什么？怎么教？What to be taught?How should it be taught?,.,教什么？提高创业意识建立自信、自我效能和领导能力创造、创新和超常规的思维方式解决问题的能力驾驭复杂性和不可预见性基本商务和财务技能机会识别如何建立融资和发展企业培养谈判技能建立关系、网络和社会资本,涉及那些人？学生教师和学院管理者教授、培训者企业人士和其它领域领导企业家辅导员、教练、顾问,如何教？互动学习、集中学习多学科项目案例研究
28、、游戏、模拟、商业企划竞赛等广泛使用视频、数码工具和多媒体做中学实验学习项目、启动实习辅导和教练与企业家互动,在哪里教？正式的学校体系（小学、中学、大学）各层次各学科必修和选修课程非正式体系当地学校、培训机构社区中心、非政府组织、政府机构、银行等工作场所培训项目终身学习,2007年Solomon对美国270所学院关于创业教育方法的调查结果 Solomons survey of teaching methods on entrepreneurship education in 270 American universities,3.3 教什么？怎么教？What to be taught?How
29、should it be taught?,3.4 创业教育途径Approaches to teaching entrepreneurship,针对性的,全校性的,MBA：企业管理硕士UGB：商学院本科项目ENG：工程学院本科项目,集中,分散,混合,针对性的 或 全校性的,单一学术单位承担where classes in entrepreneurship are offered by a single entity but attract students from all over the university,各学院学系各自负责the teaching of entrepreneurship
30、 education is diffusedthroughout the university.e.g.Cornell,9 schools and colleges,e.g.MIT,e.g.Cornell U.,针对MBA学生和商学院本科生Focused on MBA and undergraduates in business students,仅针对MBA学生Focused on MBA students,针对MBA学生、商学院本科生及工程学院学生Focused on MBA and undergraduates in business and/or engineering student
31、s,仅限商学和工程学生target students inthe business and engineering fields,仅限商学和工程学生target students beyondthe business and engineering fields,全校性项目在本科或研究生层面，其它为针对性U-wide only at Grad Level or Undergrad level,3.5 如何评估创业教育效果？How to evaluate the output of Entrepreneurship education?,From GEI Report 2009“全球教育倡议报告
32、2009”总结,个体参与者创业导向/意图和可能的超前认知（对创业和自我创业持有的态度和信念）,创业教育课程/项目学生报名数；项目可参与性（参与系;学生参与/初级和高级教师参与数）,全校效果计量（直接&间接）创立新企业和新工作岗位数；专利数；技术许可数（协议；执行许可；版税）,计量困难逐步加大,4.中南大学创业教育情况介绍 Brief Introduction to Entrepreneurial Education in CSU,4.1 中南大学简况Brief Introduction of Central South University(CSU),面积：336万平方米学科门类：10个硕士学
33、位授权学科：282个博士学位授权学科：142个博士后科研流动站：22个博士生导师：578人教授及其他正高职称人员：850人全日制在校学生：5万多名馆藏图书：461万册,中南大学基本数据,Area：3,360,000 square metersDisciplines：10Masters Program:282Doctoral Program：142Postdoctoral Exchange Center:22Doctoral Supervisors：578Full-time Professors：850Full-time students：50,000+Libraries volume：4,61
34、0,000,Data of CSU,中南工业大学Central South University of Technology,1952,湖南医科大学Hunan Medical University,1914,长沙铁道学院Changsha Railway University,1960,中南大学Central South University,2000,教育部,985工程，211工程Ministry of Education in ChinaMember of 985 projects and 211 projects,首届中南大学“杰出校友”评选，14位校友榜上有名，其中企业家4位The Fi
35、rst“Outstanding Alumni”award of CSU,14 alumni listed,in which there are 4 Entrepreneurs,梁稳根，三一重工股份有限公司董事长Liang Wen-genChairman of SANY,熊维平中国铝业公司总经理Xiong Wei-pingPresident of Chinalco,王传福,比亚迪股份有限公司董事局主席兼总裁Wang Chuan-fu Founder of BYD Company,杨毅北京鑫恒集团董事长Yang Yi,Chairman of Beijing XinHeng Group,4.2 杰出
36、校友Outstanding Alumni of CSU,2010福布斯全球富豪排名中我校校友2010 Forbes The Worlds Billionaires Alumni of CSU,大三时同学叫我“梁厂长”,杨毅，2009年捐款1000万给中南大学YangYi,Donate 10million to CSU,熊维平，Xiong Weiping管理科学博士、教授PhD&Professor of management science,大四时参加工贸班学习,1995年在深圳创建比亚迪公司Strat up BYD in1995 at ShenZhen,1986年创业Start up his
37、own business in 1986,4.2 杰出校友Outstanding Alumni of CSU,开办时间：80年代中期，共举办10期培训对象：有色行业国有大中型企业厂矿长 培养目标：通过进行企业管理知识培训，提高厂矿长企业管理水平主要课程：现代企业管理学，企业经营战略，生产管理，财务管理，会计学，领导科学，运筹学，系统工程等教学方法：尝试运用案例教学的方法进行教学和讨论,厂矿长培训班,Time：from the mid-80s 0f last century,totally 10 timesTarget Audience：presidents of state-owned lar
38、ge and medium sized factories in the industry of Nonferrous metalsTraining Objectives：To enhance management level of factory presidents through training business management knowledge Main Courses：modern enterprise management,business strategy,production management,financial management,accounting,lea
39、dership science,operations research,systems engineering,etc.Teaching Methods：Try to use case study for teaching and discussion,Training Class for the presidents of factories,4.3 中南大学早期的创业教育Early entrepreneurship education at CSU,开办时间：开办于1987年，学习期限为1年，共举办3期培训对象：面向全校各工科专业的大学四年级学生入学考试：面试，主要考核综合素质和英语水平培
40、养目标：培养具有工科基础、懂经济贸易和有较好英语水平的“三位一体”的人才主要课程：管理学原理，跨国公司经营，经济学基础，国际贸易理论，国际贸易实务，国际金融，国际商法，国际结算，外贸会计，外贸统计，外贸函电，外贸谈判技巧，进出口业务，国际市场营销，英语口语等,工业外贸班,Time：from 1987,one year study,totally 3 timesTarget Audience：seniors who major in EngineeringEntrance Examination：Interview,include quality assessment and EnglishTr
41、aining Objectives：output trinity talents who have basis of engineering training,better understand the economics,trade and EnglishMain Courses：principles of management,transnational business,basic economics,international trade theory,international trade practice,international finance,international co
42、mmercial law,international settlement,foreign trade accounting,foreign trade statistics,business correspondence,trade negotiation skills,import and export business,international marketing,oral English,etc.,Industry and Foreign Trade Class,4.3 中南大学早期的创业教育Early entrepreneurship education at CSU,4.4 中南
43、大学当前创业教育的特色(七方面Seven aspects）Characteristics of current entrepreneurship education at CSU,规范化培训Regular Training,网络化促进Promoted by Web,引进国外创业课程体系和教材引进国际劳工组织开发的SIYB项目,开展SYB培训引进欧洲模拟公司创业实训技术，开设创业实训试验班introduce foreign Entrepreneurship courses and textbooksintroduce SIYB project developed by the Internati
44、onal Labor Organization introduce European simulation entrepreneurship training technology 建立“创业导师”制，为创业团队提供“一对一”的陪伴式创业辅导建立“开业能力评估”制度establish a“business mentor”system，provide“One to One”counseling to entrepreneurial team developed competency assessment of“opening of new business”创建中国大学生创业网（),提供网上服务
45、developed a entrepreneurship service website-启动系列创新创业资助项目，如：米塔尔大学生创新创业资助、大学生创业起航行动、大学生创新教育fund innovation and entrepreneurship projects every year,such as Innovation and Enterprising Work Grant supported by ArcelorMittal,Students Entrepreneurship Action Project,Students Innovative Education Program
46、and etc.,专业化辅导Professional Tutorship,项目化资助Project Funding,基地化依托Support with bases,社会化实践Practice in the Community,建立大学生创业园，提供创业一站式服务建立11个校级创业教育示范基地，从场地、设备、设施等方面为学生创业提供支持establish student business incubator to provide one-stop service create 11 university-wide entrepreneurship education bases to provi
47、de support of space,equipment,facilities and etc.开展面向社会的“大创业实践活动”举办大学生创业论坛开展创业竞赛practical activities in the society Entrepreneurship Forumuniversity,local and national Entrepreneurial Competition 将创业教育纳入二级学院学生工作年度考核指标体系通过经费支持、学分奖励、评选“创业行动之星”“创业行动最佳团队”“大学生创业教育先进单位”进行多样化激励Put entrepreneurship educatio
48、n into annual performance indicators of schools and faculties Reward with funds,reputation such as entrepreneurship star,entrepreneurship team,多样化激励Diversified Incentives,4.4 中南大学当前创业教育的特色(七方面Seven aspects）Characteristics of current entrepreneurship education at CSU,4.5 中南大学创业教育活动图片 Some photos abou
49、t entrepreneurship education at CSU,In 2005,Guo Yan-ruiestablished ChangshaShuobo Electronics Co.,Ltd.,In 2010,Li Hai-xing established Changsha Hengrun Machinery Co.,Ltd.,结束语 Peroration,大学应该培养什么样的人？What kind of people should a university produce?,破坏社会的人?People who destroy the society?拖累社会的人?People who are a burden on society?,能在社会自立的人?People who are self-reliance in the society?能够帮助社会的人?People who can contribute to the society?,THANK YOU,
