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1、定语从句,(Attributive clause),一.定语 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。,1.概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子.一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。,(Attributive clause),Mary is a beautiful girl.,Mary is a
2、girl who has long hair.,形容词作定语,句子作定语,修饰girl,叫做定语从句,二.定语从句,1.The man is a farmer.,2.The man is speaking at the meeting.,合并句子:,The man who is speaking at the meeting is a farmer.,Mary is a girl.,Mary has long hair.,合并为一个句子,Mary is a girl who has long hair.,先行词,关系词,定语从句,Mary is a girl who has long hair
3、.,that,which,who,whom,whose,where,when，why,2.结构：先行词+关系词+句子,3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。通常位于定 语从句之前。4.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。,关系代词,关系副词,作用,A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分,关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、_；B、_；C、_。Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfather isapoliceman.,定语从句,先行词,关系词,“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词theman，在定语从句中作主语。,引导定语从句,代替先行词,在定语
4、从句中担当一个成分,三、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语1)The boys _are playing soccer are from Class 1.2)Yesterday I helped an old man _lost his way.2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，常可省略。Mr.Liu is the person _you talked about.2)The man _you met just now is my friend.,(whom/who),who/whom,who,who,3.which指物，在定语从句中
5、做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略Football is a game which is liked by most boys.2)This is the pen(which)he bought yesterday.4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。1)The people _come to visit the city are all here.(做主语)2)Where is the man _I saw this morning?(做宾语),做主语,做宾语,that/who,that/whom/who,小结：th
6、at:既可指人,也可指物.作主语,不能省略；作宾语,可以省略。which:指物,作主语,不能省略;作宾语,可以省略.who 指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略,（常用whom）,注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句 的谓语动词形式由先行词定.1)Im reading a book that/which _about Bill Gates.2)He is a teacher who/that_ us Chinese.3)The boys who _playing soccer are from Class 1.,5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语(1)He has
7、 a friend _father is a doctor.(2)I once lived in a house_ roof has fallen in.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。,is,teaches,are,whose,whose,四.修饰物体时关系代词that和 which的区分(一)不用that的情况 1.在引导非限定性定语从句时。1)The tree,that is four hundred years old,is very famous here.(_)2)The tree,which is four hundred years old,is very famous
8、here.(_)2.介词后不能用。1)We depend on the land from _we get our food.2)We depend on the land _we get our food from.,错,对,which,that/which,(二)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something外),all,none,few,little,some 等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：1)Haveyoutake
9、ndowneverything_Mr.Lisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来吗？2)All_canbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。3)Thereislittle_Icandoforyou.我不能为你干什么。,that,that,that,注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代who，如：1)Anyman_hasasenseofdutywont do suchathing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。2)Alltheguests_wereinvitedtoher weddingwereimportantpeople.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。,that/w
10、ho,that/who,2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：Thefirstplace_theyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：Thisisthebestfilm_Ihaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。,that,that,4当先行词被thevery,theonly,the last修饰时。1)Thisistheverydictionary_Iwanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlything_heowns
11、.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschool_willattendthemeeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。,that,that,who,5当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：1)Whoistheman_isstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？2)WhichistheT-shirt_fitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与物时。如：1)Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthings_theyr
12、ememberedatschool他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。2)Lookatthemanandhisdonkey_arewalkingupthestreet.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的毛驴。,that,that,that,that,Exercise,1.I have a friend _ likes listening to classical music.,who/that,3.The man _ leg broke in a match used to be a football player.,2.Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dr
13、ess _ I gave her.,which/that,whose,4.My parents live in a house_ is more than 100 years old.,5.The boy with _ John spoke is my brother.,which/that,whom,6.Kevin is reading a book _ is too difficult for him.,which/that,7.Is there anything _ you want to buy in the town.,8.All _ we can do is to study ha
14、rd.,9.The first one _ stands up is a little boy.,that,that,that,句子翻译,1.这就是救了那个孩子命的医生.,This is the doctor who saved the boys life.,2.正在跑步的那个人是我的叔叔.,The man who is running is my uncle.,3.我喜欢可以随之而唱的音乐.,I like the music that I can sing along with.,4.住在隔壁的那个女的是一名教师.,The woman who lives next door is a tea
15、cher.,Exercise 1:用关系代词填空,The boy _ is playing ping-pong is my classmate.The e-mail _ I received yesterday was from my sister.I hate people _ talk much but do little.The car _ my father bought last month is very beautiful.,who/that,which/that,who/that,which/that,5.The man _ hair is white is his grand
16、father.6.Is there a student _ father is a business man?7.This is the house in _ we have lived for 10 years.8.Ive never heard of the people and things _ you talked about just now.,whose,whose,which,that,当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词只能用that.,Exercise 2.,My father and his teacher talked a lot about the persons and
17、things _ they couldnt remember.Say all _ you know.Is there anything _ I can do for you?,that,that,that,当先行词是something,anything,nothing,all 等词时，关系代词只能用that.,4.This is the first play _ I have seen since I came here.5.This is the best novel _ I have read.,that,that,当先行词被序数词，最高级等词修饰时，关系代词只能用that.,6.Who
18、is the girl _is standing under the tree?7.Which is the machine _ we used last Sunday.,当主句是who或which 引导的特殊疑问句时，或中心词指人或物时，关系代词只能用that.,that,that,where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。1)Shanghai is the city _I was born.=Shanghai is the city _was born in.2)The house _I lived ten years ago has been pulled down
19、.The house_ I lived in ten years ago has been pulled down.,五、关系副词引导定语从句 关系副词：where,when,why在句中作状语。,where,which,where,which,2.when引导定语从句表示时间,在定语从句中做时间状语 也可做连接词用.I still remember the day _I first came to the school.2)The time _we got together finally came.3.why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语(1)Please tell me the reas
20、on _you missed the plane.(2)I dont know the reason _he looks unhappy today.,when,when,why,why,六.关系副词when,where和 关系代词that,which的区分同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when，有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：一是定语从句是否完整；二是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。请比较以下句子：,1)This is the park_ we visited last year.2)This is th
21、e park _we held a birthday party.3)She wont forget the days _she spent on the island.4)She wont forget the days_ they stayed together.5)Thats the date _we went to the college.6)Thats the date _she wont forget for ever.7)I like the time _we lived together.8)I like the time _we had together.,that,wher
22、e,that,when,when,that,when,that,2.关系副词when,where,why 和“介词+which”之间的关系。关系副词when,where,why可以用“适当的介词+which”来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which,where=in/on/at+which,why=for+which 介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。,(1)The reason _he refused the invitation is not clear,(2)From the year _he was going to school he began
23、to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3)This is the room _I lived.=This is the room _I lived in.(4)Tom still remembers the days _they lived in Tianjin.,Why(),when(),where(),in which,in which,for which,which,when(),in which,注意：1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副when,whe
24、re和why 互换。,1)This is the house _I lived two years ago.=This is the house where I lived two years ago.2)Do you remember the day you joined our club?=Do you remember the day when you joined our club?3)This is the reason why he came late.=This is the reason _he came late.,in which,on which,for which,Ex
25、ercise,1.October 1,1949 is the day _ the PRC was founded.which B.when C.that D.on that2.Is that the reason _ you are for the plan.A.which B.what C.why D.for that 3.Is this the place _ you were born?A.which B.where C.what D.that,1.Is this the place _ you were born?A.which B.where C.what D.that2.Is th
26、is the place _ some German friends visited last year?A.which B.where C.what D.why,3.The house _ the famous writer wrote his works is a museum now.A.which B.where C.what D.that4.The house _ the famous writer bought many years ago is a museum now.A.that B.where C.what D.why,5.He told her the reason_ h
27、e is unhappy,but she doesnt believe the reason _ he gives her.A.why;whyB.why;whichC.that;whyD.which;why,一.Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns and adverbs.1.This is the only book _ I got last year.2.Is this the book in _ you are interested?3.This is the largest animal _ Tom saw in the
28、zoo.4.Rose still remembers the trees and teachers_ exist(存在)in the mother school.5.All the desks _ are bought look really wonderful.,that,which,that,that,that,6.Do you have any money _is used to build the factory?7.Tom has a toy,_ was given by his father.8.This is the second watch _ my father bought
29、 for me.9.Is this the room _ you cleaned last time?10.Is this the room _ we lived before?11.This is the garden _ they stayed for a night.,that,which,that,that,which,where,where,12.This is the garden _ they visited last time.13.Tom has forgotten the day _ he left his home.14.Tom has forgotten the day
30、 _ I told him last day.15.She still remembers the year _ she found her first job.16.She still remembers the year _ she spent in Jining.,that,that,when,that,when,Fill in the blanks with the suitable relative pronouns or the relative adverbs.1.Is this the room _ we spent our childhood?2.This dictionar
31、y is the second one _ I bought in the shop.3.I still remember the date _ I went to Nanjing for the first time.4.Tom is thinking about the grass and the persons _ he saw in the yard.5.There are 100 old men in the street,some of _ are drinking tea.,where,that,that,when,whom,6.Do you know the days _ you spent on English?7.All the books _are on the shelf belong to Mary.8.Are you satisfied with the park _ you visited last time?9._ we all know,the building will soon be destroyed.10.I have the same book _ she has.,that,that,that,Which,that,Thank you!,Bye-bye,
