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1、1,“Grown-ups like numbers”The Role of Quality Assurance in Higher Education,Stephan NeetensBologna Process Expert-Flemish Community of BelgiumSSU Conference,Rogaka Slatina,Slovenia“Quality Higher Education:Here,There,Anywhere?”30/11/07-01/12/07,2,1.Overview(1),1.Overview2.Introduction3.History of qu
2、ality assurance4.QA concepts from quality management science5.Societal context of quality assurance in higher education6.Goals of quality assurance in higher education7.Definition of quality8.Structural approaches to quality assurance9.Assessment levels10.Assessment subjects,3,1.Overview(2),11.Asses
3、sment organisation12.Challenges13.Conclusion,4,2.Introduction(1),J.Huizinga,How Does History Determine the Present?A Discourse that Was Never Held,Leiden,1946:“And now I havent even touched upon the most difficult word in our sentence:the concept how?How,that means:in which manner.How poses the inso
4、luble question about the quality of things.The quality now,even of the smallest thing,escapes the means of our logical thinking.Applied to our theme how immediately inverts the question:how does history determine presupposes the the more profound question:how is history itself determined,and this me
5、ans:by what is history determined,and the by what immediately changes into a by whom and only this question finds an answer,but outside the borders of the logical mind:by God,and this answer reveals immediately that the how is incomprehensible,because it is Gods business.With all our philosophy and
6、science we once more end up at the modest warning Dante paraphrased Aristotle with:State contenti umana gente al quia.Be satisfied,human race,with mere existence.”,5,2.Introduction(2),If questions about quality are really insoluble and really defy logical thinking,than the emphasis on quality and qu
7、ality assurance in HE policy poses a very big problem.If questions about quality unavoidably lead us to God,than the policy of quality and quality assurance are a specialty of the philosophy of God or even worse of dogmatic theology.Although questions about absolute quality are Byzantine,I would lik
8、e to treat them as a provocative challenge and say to the HE community:“Non state mai contenti,gente dellaccademia,al quia.”,6,3.History of quality assurance(1),QA originated in world of manufacturing and industrial productionbefore Industrial Revolution(production centralised in 1 persons hand who
9、performs and controls-standards for products with external inspection system(guilds,city governments,customs officials,)e.g.Book of the Eparch,Constantinople,912-QA in the process sense poses no explicit problem,7,3.History of quality assurance(2),Industrial Revolution(1780):-collectivisation of pro
10、duction process leads to mass production whereby no longer 1 individual performs and controls the production-structural introduction of foreman,but mainly for organisatory and command purposes(military-hierarchical organisation of labour process)throughout 19th C.:mass production leads to low standa
11、rd products,widely diverging output,a lot of defective products-quality becomes an explicit problem linked to the organisation of the production process,8,3.History of quality assurance(3),end 19th C:in US 1st forms of explicit QA introduced as part of larger industrial management reforms:-F.W.Taylo
12、r(1856-1915):Taylorism:scientific management combined with quality departments to oversee quality of production and rectify errors-H.Ford(1863-1947):Fordism:standardisation of design and component standards ensure production of standard products,combined with quality departments and inspection of th
13、e output1930s:1st application of statistical controll as a QA method,9,3.History of quality assurance(4),WO II=very important impetus for QA in US and UK:need to raise both quantity and quality of production for war effortafter WO II:quality and QA becomes both profession,management process and scie
14、ntific disciplineclear evolution in QA:-simple quality control:40s-60s-quality engineering:70s-quality systems engineering:90sno longer limited to manufacturing,but also widely applied in practically all sectors of service provision(banking,health care,)e.g.today 31%of companies with ISO 9001 certif
15、icate are service providers,10,4.QA concepts from quality management science(1),in quality management science throughout the last 50 years all kinds of concepts,methods,tools and strategies conceivede.g.SPC,Zero Defects,Six Sigma,quality circles,Total Quality Management(TQM),Theory of Constraints(TO
16、C),Quality Management Systems(QMS),continual improvement(Kaizen),mostly originated in manufacturing but also widely applied in service provision-also in education3 concepts regularly encountered in QA world in HE:PDCA-cycle,ISO 9001 standards,TQM,11,4.QA concepts from quality management science(2),1
17、)PDCA-cycle:Plan-Do-Act-Check-cycle or Shawhart-cycle or Deming-cycledeveloped by W.A.Shawhart in 1930s in Bell Telephone Laboratoriesmade famous by W.E.Deming,father of modern quality control4 elements:PLAN:establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in concordance with spec
18、ificationsDO:implement the processesCHECK:monitor and evaluate the processes and results against objectives and specifications and report the outcomeACT:apply actions to the outcome for necessary improvement,which means reviewing all steps(P-D-C-A)and modifying the process to improve its next implem
19、entation,12,4.QA concepts from quality management science(3),13,4.QA Concepts from quality management science(4),2)ISO 9001 standards and certificate:example of Quality Management System(QMS)QMS:set of policies,processes and procedures required for planning and execution(production/development/servi
20、ces)in the core business area of an organisationintegrates the various internal processes within an organisation and intends to provide a process approach for project executionenables an organisation to identify,measure,control and improve the various core business processes that will ultimately lea
21、d to improved business performanceQuality Management System Standards of the International Organisation of Standardisation(ISO)first issued in 1987,as the translation on international level of the British industrial management standard BS 5750 developed during WO II,14,4.QA concepts from quality man
22、agement science(4),aims at certifying the processes and the system of an organisation and not the product or service itselforiginated in manufacturing,but now employed across a wide range of other types of organisationsupdated every odd year:last version=2000,next version=2008many HEIs(especially in
23、 the non-university sector)have received a certificate of compliance with the ISO 9001 standards,15,4.QA concepts from quality management science(5),version 2000 meant a radical change by going away from product inspection and preventive paperwork to the concept of process management-examples of sta
24、ndards:set of procedures that cover all key processes in the businessmonitoring of processes to ensure that they are effectiveadequate record keepingchecking of output for defects,with appropriate corrective action where necessaryregular review of individual processes and the system itself for effec
25、tivenessfacilitation of continual improvement,16,4.QA concepts from quality management science(6),3)Total Quality Management(TQM):originates in the work of A.Feigenbaum,Total Quality Control(1951):Total Quality Control defined as:“An effective system for co-ordinating the quality maintenance and qua
26、lity improvement efforts of the various groups in an organisation so as to enable production at the most economical levels which allow for full customer satisfaction.”quality control goes from a technical management process to a business method,17,4.QA concepts from quality management science(7),TQM
27、=management strategy aimed at embedding awareness of quality in all organisational processescombination of 3 elements:total:involvement of the entire organisation,supply chain and/or product life cylcequality:fitness for purpose management:system of managing with steps like plan,organise,control,lea
28、d,staff,provision,clear parallel with the quality culture discourse in HE(cf.EUA-project),18,5.Societal context of quality assurance in higher education(1),massification of HE since the beginning of 70s in Western-Europe and beginning of 90s in Eastern Europe:e.g.Flanders:1958-5000;2008-170000educat
29、ional concepts did not adjust(e.g.Humboldian university ideal)funding did not raise at same rhythmquality of education went downQA is instrument to raise quality based on reasoning that funds must not only be spent but spent efficiently-within current budget efficiency gains can be madechange in rel
30、ationship between government and HEIs:growing legal and practical autonomy for HEIs:freedom to organise programs and determine content,to appoint staff,to spend budget,to determine profile,government demands post factum control via QA system,19,5.Societal context of quality assurance in higher educa
31、tion(2),bigger role for private provision of HE:private profit and non-profit HE providers(especially in Eastern Europe)transnational education(especially in Eastern Europe)QA as an instrument for market entry regulation and consumer protectioninfluence of corporate life and economic science:develop
32、ment of quality control as an applied economical sciencewide application of quality management strategies in profit and non-profit service sectornew vision on relation between government and the institutions/agencies it subsidisesfrom inspection to assessment/auditfrom only controll to also consulta
33、ncyfrom organised distrust to guaranteed trust,20,5.Societal context of quality assurance in higher education(3),European Union policy context:also in HE is Europe becoming an ever more closer union:art.149-150 EC,EC mobility programmes,Bologna Process,Copenhagen Process,integration of and exchange
34、between nationale HE education systems require mobility of students and staff and recognition of degrees and study periodsQA is an instrument to support mobility and create the institutional trust necessary for smoother and quicker recognitiongrowing international competition between HE systems and
35、HEIs-QA is an instrument to make national HE systems and its degrees more readable and understandable,and more trustworthy abroad(quality labels),21,5.Societal context of quality assurance in higher education(4),the fall of the Berlin Wall and the crumbling of the communist bloque:disavowment of(neo
36、)marxist ideologyUndermining of belief in state planning and collective action on state leve lto tackle collective action problemsembracement of a retreating and at arms length government conceptreinforcement of the faith in self-regulation,22,6.Goals of quality assurance in higher education(1),QA c
37、an have one or more of the following goals:quality improvementquality control/consumer protectionpublic accountabilityinformation provisioninternational comparison/benchmarkingrankingfundingrecognition,23,6.Goals of quality assurance in higher education(2),the last 2 goals can be seen as indirect go
38、als:the first 6 is what a QA system is explicitly geared towards,the last is what the government or a government agency uses the outcome of QA forthe goal or goals of QA determine the set-up and functioning of the QA system,e.g.:the role of a self-evaluation report in QA for improvement QA for infor
39、mationQA for ranking requires comparable criteria and standards and provisions to facilitate transversal analysis,24,7.Definition of quality(1),traditional description:something is of good quality when it does what it is meant to do-poses the same problems as Aristotles well-known definitions of jus
40、tice:to give each person what is due to himto treat like cases alike and unlike cases unalikeBUT what is due to a person and when are cases alike and when unalike,and above all who determines this?-what is something meant to do and who determines this?2 major definitions of quality in HE possible:fi
41、tness for purposefitness of purpose,25,7.Definition of quality(2),fitness for purpose:relates to traditional descriptionrelates to world of economics and quality management sciencesomething is effective and efficient:it does what it is meant to do in the most profitable way possible=procedural or re
42、lative description,26,7.Definition of quality(3),fitness of purpose:beyond traditional descriptionbeyond world of economics and quality management scienceasks the questions what is good education,what is good programmeraises pedagogical discussions:e.g.what is best:problem-based learning?collaborati
43、ve learning?ex cathedra learning?raises content discussions:e.g.what does a good legal education entail?:next to technical legal courses also a broad introduction into other fields of social sciences?next to traditional legal methodology also an active introduction into the methodology of other fiel
44、ds of social sciences,so as to create an interdisciplinary approach to law(e.g.Law&economics)?clinical legal education and/or moot court exercises?=absolute or material description,27,7.Definition of quality(4),possible to formulate general competences across fields of study for HE graduates(cf.TUNI
45、NG project)in some fields it is easier to formulate domain-specific competences than in others(e.g.chemistry history)in the end the absolute description is also relative:peers sit together and determine what fitness of purpose is for a specific programme at a specific point in timeyears later the fi
46、tness of purpose can and maybe must have changed,taken into consideration scientific evolutions in the field of study and evolutions in societyM.Weber:“Ideas and concepts change when old men die.”,28,7.Description of quality(5),definition of quality used in a QA system is important for the set-up an
47、d methods of the system:fitness for purpose:focus on management evaluation methods and techniques and the instruments and statistics needed for thesefitness of purpose:trustworthy development of a list of standards or reference points necessarygood and balanced QA in HE pays attention to both fitnes
48、s for and of purpose,29,8.Structural approaches to quality assurance(1),4 ways of organising QA:evaluationaccreditation(certification)benchmarkingaudit,30,8.Structural approaches to quality assurance(2),evaluation:traditional approach to QA in HEa group of peers with an open ended agenda comes in,lo
49、oks at aims,processes and output,judges and formulates recommendationslinked to quality improvement functionaccreditation:an independent instance determines if a programme or institution fulfils a list of standards that is fixed on beforehand and the same for all programmes or institutions taken int
50、o considerationlinked to quality control and accountability functions,31,8.Structural approaches to quality assurance(3),benchmarking:programmes or institutions are compared to each other on strong and weak pointsthis can be done on the basis of reference points fixed on beforehandif the reference p
