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1、国家体育场位于北京奥林匹克公园中心区南部，为 2008 年第 29 届奥林匹克运动会的主体育场。工程总占地面积 21 公顷 ，建筑面积 258,000m2 。场内观众坐席约为 91000 个，其中临时坐席约 11000 个。奥运会、残奥会开闭幕式、田径比赛及足球比赛决赛在这里举行。奥运会后这里将成为文化体育、健身购物、餐饮娱乐、旅游展览等综合性的大型场所，并成为具有地标性的体育建筑和奥运遗产。 国家体育场工程为特级体育建筑，主体结构设计使用年限 100 年，耐火等级为一级 , 抗震设防烈度 8 度 , 地下工程防水等级 1 级。工程主体建筑呈空间马鞍椭圆形，南北长 333 米 、东西宽 294
2、 米 的，高 69 米 。主体钢结构形成整体的巨型空间马鞍形钢桁架编织式 “ 鸟巢 ” 结构 , 钢结构总用钢量为 4.2 万吨，混凝土看台分为上、中、下三层，看台混凝土结构为地下 1 层，地上 7 层的钢筋混凝土框架 - 剪力墙结构体系。钢结构与混凝土看台上部完全脱开，互不相连，形式上呈相互围合，基础则坐在一个相连的基础底板上。国家体育场屋顶钢结构上覆盖了双层膜结构，即固定于钢结构上弦之间的透明的上层 ETFE 膜和固定于钢结构下弦之下及内环侧壁的半透明的下层 PTFE 声学吊顶。国家体育场工程按 PPP( Private + Public + Partnership ) 模式建设，中国中信
3、集团联合体负责国家体育场的投融资、建设、运营和管理。中信联合体出资 42 ，北京市政府给予 58 的资金支持。中信联合体拥有赛后 30 年的特许经营权。 国家体育场有限责任公司负责国家体育场的投融资和建设工作，北京中信联合体体育场运营有限公司负责 30 年特许经营期内的国家体育场赛后运营维护工作。 国家体育场工程作为国家标志性建筑，2008年奥运会主体育场，其结构特点十分显著，国家体育场结构复杂。 Located at the southern part of the Olympic Green in Beijing, the National Stadium is the main stad
4、ium of the 29th Olympiad in 2008. Occupying an area of 21 hectares, it has a floor space of 258,000 square meters. Its seating capacity amounts to 91,000, including 11,000 temporary seats.The venue will host the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, the tr
5、ack and field competitions, and the football finals. After the Olympics, the stadium will become a large-scale sports and entertainment facility for the residents of Beijing - an architectural landmark and Olympic legacy.The main body of the National Stadium has a design life of 100 years. Its fire
6、resistance capability is first-rate, and it can withstand an eight-magnitude earthquake. The water-resistance capability of its underground project is also first-rate.The main body of the National Stadium is a colossal saddle-shaped elliptic steel structure weighing 42,000 tons. It is 333 meters lon
7、g from north to south, 294 meters wide from east to west, and 69 meters tall.The main bodys elements support each other and converge into a grid formation, just like a birds nest with interlocking branches and twigs. Being a seven-story shear wall system, the stadiums stand has a concrete framework.
8、 The upper part of the stand and the stadiums steel structure are separated from each other, but both are based on a joint footing. The roof of the National Stadium is covered by a double-layer membrane structure, with a transparent ETFE membrane fixed on the upper part of the roofing structure and
9、a translucent PTFE membrane fixed on its lower part. A PTFE acoustic ceiling is attached to the side walls of the inner ring.The construction of the National Stadium followed the PPP mode (Private + Public + Partnership ), and it is co-owned by the Beijing State-Owned Assets Management Co. Ltd (BSAM
10、), who shares 58 percent of the total assets, and the China International Trust and Investment (CITIC) Consortium, who holds the rest of the assets.Composed of BSAM and CITIC, the National Stadium Co. is responsible for financing, construction, operation and management of the project. CITIC has a po
11、st-Games licensed operation right for 30 years.The National Stadium is a complex structure, posing great difficulties for its designers and constructors.DESIGN CONCEPT 设计理念Architectural Summary设计综述国家体育场坐落于奥林匹克公园建筑群的中央位置，地势略微隆起。它如同巨大的容器。高低起伏的波动的基座缓和了容器的体量，而且给了它戏剧化的弧形外观。体育场的外观就是纯粹的结构，立面与结构是同一的。各个结构元素之
12、间相互支撑，汇聚成网格状 - 就如同一个由树枝编织成的鸟巢。在满足奥运会体育场所有的功能和技术要求的同时，设计上并没有被那些类同的过于强调建筑技术化的大跨度结构和数码屏幕所主宰。体育场的空间效果新颖激进，但又简洁古朴，从而为 2008 年奥运会创造了独史无前例的地标性建筑。The National Stadium is located on a gentle rise in the centre of the Olympic complex. An undulating composition of high and low elevations moderates the bulk of t
13、he vessel and gives it a dramatic sweeping form. The stadiums appearance is pure structure. Faade and structure are identical. The structural elements mutually support each other and converge into a grid-like formation - almost like a birds nest with its interwoven twigs. The design meets all the fu
14、nctional and technical requirements of an Olympic Stadium, but without communicating the insistent sameness of technocratic architecture dominated by large spans and digital screens. The spatial effect of the stadium is novel and radical and yet simple and of an almost archaic immediacy, thus creati
15、ng a unique historical landmark for the Olympics 2008.基座基座与体育场的几何体合二为一，如同树根与树。行人走在平缓的格网状石板步道上，步道延续了体育场的结构肌理。步道之间的空间为体育场来宾提供了服务设施：下沉的花园，石材铺装的广场，竹林、矿质般的山地景观，以及通向基座内部的开口。从城市的地面上缓缓隆起，几乎在不易察觉中形成了体育场的基座。体育场的入口处地面略微升高，因此，可以浏览到整个奥林匹克公园建筑群的全景。The plinthThe geometries of the plinth and stadium merge into one
16、element, like a tree and its roots. Pedestrians flow on a lattice of smooth slate walkways that extend from the structure of the stadium. The spaces between walkways provide amenities for the stadium visitor: sunken gardens, stone squares, bamboo groves, mineral hillscapes, and openings into the pli
17、nth itself. Gently, almost imperceptibly, the ground of the city rises and forms a plinth for the stadium. The entrance to the stadium is therefore slightly raised, providing a panorama of the entire Olympic complex.屋顶体育场的空间效果新颖激进，但又简洁古朴。体育场的外观就是纯粹的结构，立面与结构是同一的。各个结构元素之间相互支撑，汇聚成网格状，就象编织一样，将建筑物的立面, 楼梯
18、, 碗状看台和屋顶融合为一个整体。如同鸟会在它们树枝编织的鸟巢间加一些软充填物，为了使屋顶防水，体育场结构间的空隙将被透光的膜填充。由于所有的设施餐厅，客房，商店和卫生间都是独自控制的单元，建筑外立面的整体封闭因而是非常不必要的。这使体育场有自然通风，是体育场环保设计的最重要的一个方面。The roofThe spatial effect of the stadium is novel and radical and yet simple and of an almost archaic immediacy. Its appearance is pure structure. Faade an
19、d structure are identical. The structural elements mutually support each other and converge into a spatial grid-like formation, in which Faades, stairs, bowl structure and the roof are integrated. To make the roof weatherproof the spaces in the structure of the stadium will be filled with a transluc
20、ent membrane just as birds stuff their spaces between the woven twigs of their nests with soft filler. Since all of the facilities - restaurants, suites, shops and restrooms - are self-contained units, it is largely possible to do without a solid, enclosed Faade. This allows natural ventilation of t
21、he stadium, which is the most important aspect of the stadiums sustainable design.碗状看台体育场被设计成为巨大的人群的容器，无论远眺还是近观，都给人留下与众不同的、不可磨灭的印象。体育场内部，这种均匀的碗状结构形体将能调动观众的兴奋情绪，并使运动员超水平发挥. 创造连贯一致的外表，座席的干扰被控制到最小，声学吊顶将结构遮掩使得观众和场地上的活动成为注意焦点。在此，人群形成了建筑。The bowlThe stadium is conceived as a large collective vessel, which
22、 makes a distinctive and unmistakable impression both when it is seen from a distance and from close up. Inside the stadium, an evenly constructed bowl-like shape serves to generate crowd excitement and drive athletes to outstanding performances. To create a smooth and homogeneous appearance, the stands have minimal interruption and the acoustic ceiling hides the structure in order to focus attention on the spectators and the events on the field. The human crowd forms the architecture.
