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1、Variable Speed DriveTechnology,YORK MILLENNIUM VSD CHILLERS,Franciscan HospitalSEM IncorporatedOne Valley BankMarch 11,1999,Todays Topics,How chillers operateHow VSD worksEnergy comparisonFeatures and benefitsHarmonicsApplicationExperienceEvaluating chiller performance,Centrifugal Chiller,Centrifuga
2、l Chiller,Orifice,Subcooler,Condenser,Diffuser Plate,Impeller,Flooded Evaporator,Prerotation Vanes,Mist Eliminator,Pressure,Enthalpy,Pressure-Enthalpy Chart,Evaporator,Compressor,Condenser,Metering Device,Refrigerant rejects heat to atmosphere,Refrigerant absorbs heat from load,Pressure,Enthalpy,Pre
3、ssure-Enthalpy Chart,95,85,Less than 1%of chiller run hours are at design full-load!,Hartford Weather,Hartford Weather,Hartford Weather,Hartford Weather,Hartford Weather,Hartford Weather,99.2%,Evaporator,Compressor,Condenser,Pressure,Enthalpy,Head Pressure,Head Pressure,Evaporator,Compressor,Condens
4、er,Pressure,Enthalpy,Head Pressure,Lowering condenser water temperature,Evaporator,Compressor,Condenser,Pressure,Enthalpy,Head Pressure,Head Pressure,Lowering condenser water temperatureLowers head pressure,Evaporator,Compressor,Condenser,Pressure,Enthalpy,Head Pressure,Head Pressure,Lowering conden
5、ser water temperatureLowers head pressure,Head Pressure,Evaporator,Compressor,Condenser,Pressure,Enthalpy,Head Pressure,Lowering condenser water temperatureLowers head pressureReduces compressorwork,Evaporator,Compressor,Condenser,Pressure,Enthalpy,Head Pressure,Head Pressure,Lowering condenser wate
6、r temperatureLowers head pressureReduces compressorworkReduces energyconsumption,Evaporator,Compressor,Condenser,Pressure,Enthalpy,Head Pressure,Head Pressure,Fan Laws,RPM CFMRPM 2 STATIC HEADRPM 3 HP,RPM vs HP,%RPM%HP 100 100 90 73 75 42 50 12,How do we apply this to a chiller?,Variable Speed Drive
7、s,What is Variable Speed?,Car Analogy,Prerotation vanes,Electricmotor,Constant Speed,Accelerator pegged to the floor,Constant Speed,Brake to slow down,Accelerator pegged to the floor,Constant Speed,Brake to slow down,Accelerator pegged to the floor,Constant Speed,Brake to slow down,Accelerator pegge
8、d to the floor,Constant Speed,Brake to slow down,Accelerator pegged to the floor,Variable Speed,Full control of acceleratorBrake only if necessary,Variable Speed,Full control of acceleratorBrake only if necessary,Variable Speed,Full control of acceleratorBrake only if necessary,How it Works,How it W
9、orks,Chilled Water Temp.Temp.SetpointEvap/Cond PressurePRV PositionActual Motor Speed,How it Works,Optimum Motor Speed,Chilled Water Temp.Temp.SetpointEvap/Cond PressurePRV PositionActual Motor Speed,How it Works,Optimum Motor Speed,Chilled Water Temp.Temp.SetpointEvap/Cond PressurePRV PositionActua
10、l Motor Speed,How it Works,Optimum Motor Speed,Optimum PRV Position,Chilled Water Temp.Temp.SetpointEvap/Cond PressurePRV PositionActual Motor Speed,How it Works,Optimum Motor Speed,Optimum PRV Position,Chilled Water Temp.Temp.SetpointEvap/Cond PressurePRV PositionActual Motor Speed,Control is Key t
11、o Energy Savings,ACC“learns”how the chiller operatesMaps exact surge pointsAllows operation near surge pointsMinimizes speed for peak efficiency,Components,Components,Evaporator Shell,Condenser Shell,Electric Motor,Gears,Impeller,Prerotation Vanes,Constant SpeedVariable Speed,Constant SpeedVariable
12、Speed,PRV close as load decreasesMotor speed remains constant,Constant SpeedVariable Speed,PRV close as load decreasesMotor speed remains constant,Constant SpeedVariable Speed,Adaptive Capacity Control logicOptimizes compressor efficiencyMotor speed slows downOptimizes PRV positionConsumes less ener
13、gy,PRV close as load decreasesMotor speed remains constant,Constant SpeedVariable Speed,Adaptive Capacity Control logicOptimizes compressor efficiencyMotor speed slows downOptimizes PRV positionConsumes less energy,PRV close as load decreasesMotor speed remains constant,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed
14、 vs Variable Speed,YESIV ProgramARI CertifiedIncludes VSD lossesIncludes Filter losses,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed Speed at ARI conditions,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed Speed at ARI conditions,%Load 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed Speed at ARI conditions,%LoadECWT 100
15、85.0 90 81.0 80 77.0 70 73.0 60 69.0 50 65.0 40 65.0 30 65.0 20 65.0 10 65.0,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed Speed at ARI conditions,%LoadECWTKW/TON 100 85.00.582 90 81.00.532 80 77.00.500 70 73.00.481 60 69.00.470 50 65.00.463 40 65.00.494 30 65.00.557 20 65.00.700 14 65.01.138,Fixed vs Variable Spee
16、d,Fixed and variable speed at ARI conditions,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed and variable speed at ARI conditions,%Load 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed and variable speed at ARI conditions,%LoadECWT 100 85.0 90 81.0 80 77.0 70 73.0 60 69.0 50 65.0 40 65.0 30 65.0 20 65.0 1
17、0 65.0,%LoadECWTKW/TON 100 85.00.582 90 81.00.532 80 77.00.500 70 73.00.481 60 69.00.470 50 65.00.463 40 65.00.494 30 65.00.557 20 65.00.700 10 65.01.138,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed and variable speed at ARI conditions,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed and variable speed at ARI conditions,%LoadECWTKW/
18、TONKW/TON 100 85.00.5820.599 90 81.00.5320.502 80 77.00.5000.441 70 73.00.4810.388 60 69.00.4700.339 50 65.00.4630.293 40 65.00.4940.292 30 65.00.5570.326 20 65.00.7000.373 10 65.01.1380.584,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Fixed and variable speed at ARI conditions,%LoadECWTKW/TONKW/TON%SAVED 100 85.00.5820
19、.599-2.92 90 81.00.5320.502 5.64 80 77.00.5000.441 11.80 70 73.00.4810.388 19.33 60 69.00.4700.339 27.87 50 65.00.4630.293 36.72 40 65.00.4940.292 40.89 30 65.00.5570.326 41.47 20 65.00.7000.373 46.71 10 65.01.1380.584 48.68,Variable Speed Centrifugal Chillers,Variable Speed Centrifugal Chillers,Var
20、iable Speed Centrifugal Chillers,30%Energy Savings,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Lower ECWTs means even better performance,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Lower ECWTs means even better performance55F is a good low point,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Lower ECWTs means even better performance55F is a good low pointYork H
21、eadquarters Bldg chiller runs on 50F,Traditional60%Load100%Load80%Load,YORK(lecwt)60%Load100%Load80%Load,Traditional60%Load100%Load80%Load,YORK(lecwt)60%Load100%Load80%Load,Traditional60%Load100%Load80%Load,YORK w/Variable Speed100%Load80%Load60%Load,Fixed vs Variable Speed,Weather data in YESIV is
22、the best way to utilize the actual lower ECWTs,Fixed vs Variable Speed,An additional way to get more energy savings is with chilled water reset,Fixed vs Variable Speed,An additional way to get more energy savings is with chilled water resetChiller water reset will help with both low ECWTs or higher
23、tower water conditions,Mild outdoor temperaturesLower outdoor humidity levelsLess need for dehumidificationAdequate cooling at higher chilled water temps,Chilled Water Reset,Mild outdoor temperaturesLower outdoor humidity levelsLess need for dehumidificationAdequate cooling at higher chilled water t
24、emps,Chilled Water Reset,Constant speed 0.5-1.5%Variable speed 2.0-3.0%,Drive Type Savings/Degree Increase,Energy Savings,Chilled Water Reset,Fixed vs Variable Speed,1F chilled water reset per 10%load at ARI conditions and fixed speed,%Load ECWT lchwt kw/tr lchwt kw/tr%saved 100 85.0 90 82.5 80 80.0
25、 70 77.5 60 75.0 50 72.5 40 70.0 30 67.5 20 65.0 10 62.5,Fixed vs Variable Speed,1F chilled water reset per 10%load at ARI conditions and fixed speed,%Load ECWT lchwt kw/tr lchwt kw/tr%saved 100 85.0 44 0.560 90 82.5 44 0.533 80 80.0 44 0.510 70 77.5 44 0.498 60 75.0 44 0.495 50 72.5 44 0.501 40 70.
26、0 44 0.518 30 67.5 44 0.563 20 65.0 44 0.682 10 62.5 44 1.099,Fixed vs Variable Speed,1F chilled water reset per 10%load at ARI conditions and fixed speed,%Load ECWT lchwt kw/tr lchwt kw/tr%saved 100 85.0 44 0.560 440.560 90 82.5 44 0.533 45 0.524 80 80.0 44 0.510 46 0.497 70 77.5 44 0.498 47 0.483
27、60 75.0 44 0.495 48 0.478 50 72.5 44 0.501 49 0.481 40 70.0 44 0.518 50 0.498 30 67.5 44 0.563 51 0.555 20 65.0 44 0.682 52 0.728 10 62.5 44 1.099 53 1.440,Fixed vs Variable Speed,1F chilled water reset per 10%load at ARI conditions and fixed speed,%Load ECWT lchwt kw/tr lchwt kw/tr%saved 100 85.0 4
28、4 0.560 440.560 0.00 90 82.5 44 0.533 45 0.524 1.69 80 80.0 44 0.510 46 0.497 2.55 70 77.5 44 0.498 47 0.483 3.01 60 75.0 44 0.495 48 0.478 3.43 50 72.5 44 0.501 49 0.481 3.99 40 70.0 44 0.518 50 0.498 3.86 30 67.5 44 0.563 51 0.555 1.42 20 65.0 44 0.682 52 0.728-6.74 10 62.5 44 1.099 53 1.440-31.03
29、,Constant Speed Centrifugal Chillers,Constant Speed Centrifugal Chillers,Fixed vs Variable Speed,1F chilled water reset per 10%load at ARI conditions and variable speed,%Load ECWT lchwt kw/tr lchwt kw/tr%saved 100 85.0 90 82.5 80 80.0 70 77.5 60 75.0 50 72.5 40 70.0 30 67.5 20 65.0 10 62.5,Fixed vs
30、Variable Speed,1F chilled water reset per 10%load at ARI conditions and variable speed,%Load ECWT lchwt kw/tr lchwt kw/tr%saved 100 85.0 44 0.585 90 82.5 44 0.537 80 80.0 44 0.497 70 77.5 44 0.466 60 75.0 44 0.438 50 72.5 44 0.432 40 70.0 44 0.419 30 67.5 44 0.429 20 65.0 44 0.481 10 62.5 44 0.665,F
31、ixed vs Variable Speed,1F chilled water reset per 10%load at ARI conditions and variable speed,%Load ECWT lchwt kw/tr lchwt kw/tr%saved 100 85.0 44 0.585 44 0.585 90 82.5 44 0.537 45 0.524 80 80.0 44 0.497 46 0.475 70 77.5 44 0.466 47 0.433 60 75.0 44 0.438 48 0.393 50 72.5 44 0.432 49 0.382 40 70.0
32、 44 0.419 50 0.363 30 67.5 44 0.429 51 0.357 20 65.0 44 0.481 52 0.370 10 62.5 44 0.665 53 0.480,Fixed vs Variable Speed,1F chilled water reset per 10%load at ARI conditions and variable speed,%Load ECWT lchwt kw/tr lchwt kw/tr%saved 100 85.0 44 0.585 44 0.585 0.00 90 82.5 44 0.537 45 0.524 2.42 80
33、80.0 44 0.497 46 0.475 4.43 70 77.5 44 0.466 47 0.433 7.08 60 75.0 44 0.438 48 0.393 10.27 50 72.5 44 0.432 49 0.382 11.57 40 70.0 44 0.419 50 0.363 13.37 30 67.5 44 0.429 51 0.357 16.78 20 65.0 44 0.481 52 0.370 23.08 10 62.5 44 0.665 53 0.480 27.82,Constant Speed Centrifugal Chillers,Constant Spee
34、d Centrifugal Chillers,Variable Speed Centrifugal Chillers,Variable Speed Centrifugal Chillers,The New VSD,Unit MountedUL ApprovedWater CooledAny RefrigerantAny CompressorYork Design,Standard Features,Circuit breakerUL listed ground fault protectionAll drive displays on chiller panelSingle point wir
35、ingNo additional floor space required,Electronic Filter,Optional EPRI funded specially designed filter that complies with IEEE 519-1992Filter is unit mounted in the same cabinet as the VSDStill has the UL labelFilter parameters displayed on the chiller panel,Operating Benefits,Slower minimum speed o
36、f 30 hz0.95 or better total power factor at all loads0.98 or better total power factor with optional filterTakes the place of the starterReduces inrush to less than 100%FLAAnti-recycle timer-0 min Reduced driveline wear,Panel Displays Include,Volts,amps,hz,kw,kwhFilter total harmonic distortion of v
37、oltageFilter total demand distortion of currentUnit total power factorSelf diagnostic service parameters,Standard Safeties,Overvoltage protectionUndervoltage protection3 phase sensing motor overcurrentSingle phase protectionInsensitive to phase rotationOver temperature protection,Quieter Operation,S
38、ound,Generated by refrigerant discharge at high velocities,Sound,Generated by refrigerant discharge at high velocities,Sound,Slowing compressor reduces sound,Generated by refrigerant discharge at high velocities,Sound,Slowing compressor reduces sound,Generated by refrigerant discharge at high veloci
39、ties,The Millennium Variable Speed Drive also serves as the starter.,Soft Start,Never exceed 100%FLAIncrease motor lifeExcellent for limited inrush capabilities(generator starts),Inrush Current,0,5,10,20,40,100%,200%,300%,400%,500%,Motor FLA(%),Time(sec),Inrush Current,0,5,10,20,40,100%,200%,300%,40
40、0%,500%,Motor FLA(%),Time(sec),Star Delta Starter,Inrush Current,0,5,10,20,40,100%,200%,300%,400%,500%,Motor FLA(%),Time(sec),Star Delta Starter,Millennium VSD,Minimal VSD Maintenance,Change inhibitor Flush heat exchangerCan be performed when cleaning tubes,Harmonics,What are Harmonics?,Harmonics,Wh
41、at are Harmonics?Multiples of the base power line frequency:60hz,Harmonics,What do they do?,Harmonics,What do they do?Cause distortion of the voltage and current sine wave,Harmonics,What do they do?Cause distortion of the voltage and current sine waveIncrease the current used by a productIncrease th
42、e heating of utility wires and transformersDisrupt the operation of other equipment,Harmonics,Many utilities are pushing for lower harmonics,Harmonics,Many utilities are pushing for lower harmonicsThe current standard is IEEE 519-1992,Harmonics,Many utilities are pushing for lower harmonicsThe curre
43、nt standard is IEEE 519-1992It developed acceptable levels of voltage and current distortion produced by a product,Harmonics,Many utilities are pushing for lower harmonicsThe current standard is IEEE 519-1992It developed acceptable levels of voltage and current distortion produced by a productThis i
44、s a guideline not a required law,Harmonics,Calculating Compliance,Harmonics,Calculating ComplianceThe new guideline only allows 5%voltage distortion,Harmonics,Calculating ComplianceThe new guideline only allows 5%voltage distortionThe new guideline provides a table for transformer size and allowed%c
45、urrent distortion,Harmonics,Calculating ComplianceThe new guideline only allows 5%voltage distortionThe new guideline provides a table for transformer size and allowed%current distortionCurrent distortion is calculated as a“Total Demand Distortion”(TDD),Harmonics,Calculating ComplianceThe new guidel
46、ine only allows 5%voltage distortionThe new guideline provides a table for transformer size and allowed%current distortionCurrent distortion is calculated as a“Total Demand Distortion”(TDD)This is the highest current demand in a 12 month period(job FLA),Harmonics,Calculating ComplianceThe new guidel
47、ine only allows 5%voltage distortionThe new guideline provides a table for transformer size and allowed%current distortionCurrent distortion is calculated as a“Total Demand Distortion”(TDD)This is the highest current demand in a 12 month period(job FLA)Part load distortion is calculated based on the
48、 TDD,Harmonics,Calculating compliance(cont),Current Distortion Limits,Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of Load Current,Isc/IL,1000,114.07.010.012.015.0,11172.03.54.55.57.0,17231.52.54.05.06.0,23350.61.01.52.02.5,35h0.30.50.71.01.4,TDD5.08.012.015.020.0,Isc=maximum short-circuit current
49、 at PCCIL=maximum demand load current at PCC,Harmonics,Measuring Distortion,Harmonics,Measuring DistortionMeasured in the filter of the VSD,Harmonics,Measuring DistortionMeasured in the filter of the VSDDisplayed on the panel,Harmonics,Measuring DistortionMeasured in the filter of the VSDDisplayed o
50、n the panelPortable meters are available but expensive,Harmonics,Measuring DistortionMeasured in the filter of the VSDDisplayed on the panelPortable meters are available but expensivePortable meters only measure Total Harmonic Distortion(THD)not TDD,Harmonics,Panel displays include:,Harmonics,Panel
