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1、Ralph Waldo EmersonFull name:Ralph Waldo EmersonBorn:May 25,1803Died:April 27,1882Era:19th century philosophyRegion:Western PhilosophySchool:Transcendentalism,LifeLiteratureInfluenceOther information,introduction,life,Ralph Waldo Emerson(May 25,1803 April 27,1882)was an American lecturer,essayist,an
2、d poet,best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society,and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectur
3、es across the United States.,His undergraduate career at Harvard was not illustrious（杰出的）,and his studies at the Harvard Divinity School were truncated by vision problems,but he was ordained a minister of the Second Church in Boston,shortly before marrying Ellen Tucker in 1829.He resigned in 1832.,T
4、ranscendentalism is a group of new ideas in literature and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early-to-middle 19th century.It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental.The movement developed in the 1830s and 40s as a protes
5、t against the general state of culture and society,and in particular,the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School.,Among transcendentalists core beliefs was the belief in an ideal spiritual state that transcends the phy
6、sical and empirical and is realized only through the individuals intuition,rather than through the doctrines of established religions.The major figures in the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson,Henry David Thoreau,Walt Whitman.,Henry David Thoreau(July 12,1817 May 6,1862)was an American author,poet,a
7、bolitionist(废奴主义者),naturalist,tax resister,development critic,surveyor,historian,philosopher,and leading transcendentalist.He is best known for his book Walden,a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings,and his essay,Civil Disobedience,an argument for individual resistance to civil gove
8、rnment in moral opposition to an unjust state.,Walden by Henry David Thoreau is one of the best-known non-fiction books written by an American.Published in 1854,it details Thoreaus sojourn(旅居)in a cabin near Walden Pond,amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson,near Concord,
9、Massachusetts.Thoreau lived at Walden for two years,two months,and two days,but Walden was written so that the stay appears to be a year,with expressed seasonal divisions.Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit,for he received visitors and returned their visits.,Walt Whitman(May 31,1819 March 26,
10、1892)was an American poet,essayist and journalist.A humanist,he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism,incorporating both views in his works.Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon,often called the father of free verse.His work was very controver
11、sial in its time,particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass,which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.,In 1835,Emerson married Lydia Jackson;they lived in Concord and had four children while he settled into his life of conversations,reading and writing,and lecturing,which furnis
12、hed a comfortable income.,He was vigorous in middle age,traveling frequently,but was increasingly aware of his limits and failing energy.He had become quite famous,a major figure in the American literary landscape,a celebrity which brought both adulation and satire.He had been a profound inspiration
13、 for many writers,especially Henry Thoreau and Walt Whitman.,Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries,formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay,Nature.Following this ground-breaking work,he gave a speech entitled
14、The American Scholar in 1837,which Oliver Wendell Holmes,Sr.considered to be Americas Intellectual Declaration of Independence.Considered one of the great lecturers of the time,Emerson had an enthusiasm and respect for his audience that enraptured crowds.,Emerson wrote most of his important essays a
15、s lectures first,then revised them for print.His first two collections of essays Essays:First Series and Essays:Second Series,published respectively in 1841 and 1844 represent the core of his thinking,and include such well-known essays as Self-Reliance,The Over-Soul,Circles,The Poet and Experience.T
16、ogether with Nature,these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emersons most fertile period.,He continued his speeches against slavery,but never with the fire of Theodore Parker.In 1857 he wrote an essay on“Memory”but ironically,in his later years,his own memory would falter,es
17、pecially after his beloved house burned in 1872.He died quietly of pneumonia（肺炎）in 1882.,Oliver Wendell Holmes,Sr.(August 29,1809 October 7,1894)was an American physician,professor,lecturer,and author.Regarded by his peers as one of the best writers of the 19th century,he is considered a member of t
18、he Fireside Poets.His most famous prose works are the Breakfast-Table series,which began with The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table(1858).He is recognized as an important medical reformer.,Nature;Addresses and Lectures(1849)Nature Introduction Chapter I.Nature Chapter II.Commodity Chapter III.Beauty C
19、hapter IV.LanguageChapter V.Discipline Chapter VI.IdealismChapter VII.SpiritChapter VIII.Prospects,Essays:First Series(1841)History Self-Reliance(also:Understanding Self-Reliance)Compensation Spiritual LawsLove Friendship Prudence Heroism The Over-Soul Circles Intellect Art,Essays:Second Series(1844
20、)The Poet Experience Character Manners Gifts Nature PoliticsNominalist and RealistNew England Reformers,Addresses The American Scholar Divinity School Address Literary Ethics The Method of Nature Lectures Man the ReformerIntroductory Lecture on the Times The Conservative The Transcendentalist The Yo
21、ung American,Ralph Waldo Emerson:major worksNature 自然（1836）：the manifesto of American transcendentalism and the Bible of New England transcendentalism.The American Scholar 美国学者（1837）：Americas Declaration of Intellectual Independence.Self-Reliance 论自助(1841)：the importance of cultivating oneself,Emers
22、ons first book,Nature(1836),is perhaps the best expression of his Transcendentalism,the belief that everything in our worldeven a drop of dewis a microcosm of the universe.His concept of the Over-Soula Supreme Mind that every man and woman shareallowed Transcendentalists to disregard external author
23、ity and to rely instead on direct experience.Trust thyself,Emersons motto,became the code of Margaret Fuller,Bronson Alcott,Henry David Thoreau,and W.E.Channing.From 1842 to 1844,Emerson edited the Transcendentalist journal,The Dial.,Natureby Ralph Waldo EmersonTo go into solitude,a man needs to ret
24、ire as much from his chamber as from society.I am not solitary whilst I read and write,though nobody is with me.But if a man would be alone,let him look at the stars.The rays that come from those heavenly worlds,will separate between him and what he touches.One might think the atmosphere was made tr
25、ansparent with this design,to give man,in the heavenly bodies,the perpetual presence of the sublime.Seen in the streets of cities,how great they are!,节选,爱默生：走入孤独，远离书斋，如同远离社会一样重要。纵然无人在我身旁，当我读书或写作时，并非独处一隅。如果一个人渴望独处，就请他注目于星辰吧。那从天界下行的光芒，使人们得以出离可触摸的现世。可以这样说，我们假想，大气之所以透明，就是为了让人们看到天国的灿烂光芒。从普通城市的街道向上看，它们是如此
26、深邃伟岸。,For,nature is not always tricked in holiday attire,but the same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered as for the frolic of the nymphs(少女),is overspread with melancholy today.Nature always wears the colors of the spirit.To a man laboring under calamity,the heat of his own fire ha
27、th sadness in it.Then,there is a kind of contempt of the landscape felt by him who has just lost by death a dear friend.The sky is less grand as it shuts down over less worth in the population.,自然并不总悦人以节日盛装，昨日氤氲芬芳晶亮悦目,如为林仙嬉乐而设的同一景致，今天就可能蒙上悲伤的面纱。自然总是折射着观者的精神状态。对于在病痛中挣扎的人，他自身散发的焦虑挣扎就涵容着悲伤。当爱友逝去时，人们会对那
28、风景感到些许漠然。当蓝天落幕于社会底层者眼前，它的壮丽也会减色。,The old fable covers a doctrine ever new and sublime;that there is One Man,present to all particular men only partially,or through one faculty;and that you must take the whole society to find the whole man.Man is not a farmer,or a professor,or an engineer,but he is a
29、ll.Man is priest,and scholar,and statesman,and producer,and soldier.In the divided or social state,these functions are parceled out to individuals,each of whom aims to do his stint of the joint work,the fable implies,that the individual,to possess himself,must sometimes return from his own labor to
30、embrace all the other laborers.,The American Scholar,But unfortunately,this original unit,this fountain of power,has been so distributed to multitudes,has been so minutely subdivided and peddled out,that it is spilled into drops,and can not be gathered.The state of society is one in which the member
31、s have suffered from the trunk,and strut about so many walking monsters,?a good finger,a neck,a stomach,an elbow,but never a man.,Self-reliance论自助,Emerson:“Self-reliance”:quotes A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds,adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines.With consis
32、tency a great soul has simply nothing to do.He may as well concern himself with his shadow on the wall.Speak what you think now in hard works,and tomorrow speak what tomorrow thinks in hard works again,though it contradict every thing you said today.-“Ah,so you shall be sure to be misunderstood.”-is
33、 it so bad,then,to be misunderstood?”Pythagoras was misunderstood,and Socrates,and Jesus,and Luther,and Copernicus,and Galileo,and Newton,and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh.To be great is to be misunderstood.,Self-reliance is widely considered to be the definitive statement of Ralph
34、 Waldo Emersons philosophy of individualism and the finest example of his prose.Emerson was known for his repeated use of phrase“trust thyself”“Self-reliance”is his explanation-both systematic and passionate-of what he meant by this and of why he was moved to make it his catch-phrase.,Theme:individu
35、alismEmerson calls on individuals to value their own thoughts,opinions,and experiences above those presented to be them by other individuals,society,and religion.This radical individualism springs from Emersons belief that each individual is not just unique but divinely unique;i.e.,each individual i
36、s a unique expression of god creativity and will.Further,since Emersons god is purposeful,he molded each individual to serve a particular purpose,to do a certain work that only he or she is equipped to carry out.,other works,大神血污的杀人者若以为他杀了人，死者若以为他已经披杀戮，他们是对我玄妙的道了解不深我离去而又折回的道路。遥远的，被遗忘的，如在我目前；阴影与日光完全相
37、仿；消火了的神祗仍在我之前出现；荣辱于我都是一样。忘了我的人，他是失算；逃避我的人，我是他的两翅；我是怀疑者同时也是那疑团，而我是那僧侣，也是他唱诵的圣诗。有力的神道渴慕我的家宅，七圣徒也同样痴心妄想；但是你谦卑的爱善者！你找到了我，而抛弃了天堂！（张爱玲译）,诗选,Emerson wrote on a number of subjects,never espousing fixed philosophical tenets,but developing certain ideas such as individuality,freedom,the ability for man to rea
38、lize almost anything,and the relationship between the soul and the surrounding world.Emersons nature was more philosophical than naturalistic;Philosophically considered,the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul.,writing style,While his writing style can be seen as somewhat impenetrable,and was
39、 thought so even in his own time,Emersons essays remain one of the linchpins of American thinking,and Emersons work has influenced nearly every generation of thinker,writer and poet since his time.When asked to sum up his work,he said his central doctrine was the infinitude of the private man.,Ralph
40、 Waldo Emerson was known first as an orator.Emerson converted many of his orations into essays.A student of Emersons essays will also want to study Emersons Journals since he often worked out in his journal entries ideas that later appear in his orations and essays.,influence,As one of the architect
41、s of the transcendentalist movement,Emerson embraced a philosophy that championed the individual,emphasized independent thought,and prized the splendid labyrinth of ones own perceptions.More than any writer of his time,he forged a style distinct from his European predecessors and embodied and define
42、d what it meant to be an American.Matthew Arnold called Emersons essays the most important work done in prose.,I was simmering,simmering,simmering.Emerson brought me to a boil.-Walt Whitman,“在我看来，没有神圣的事实，也没有不神圣的事实。我只是试验者，我是个永不停息追索者，在我身后永远不存在过去”。,“我必须提供的三条实用准则是：第一，决不阅读任何写出来不到一年的书；第二，不是名著不读；第三，只读你喜欢的书
43、。”,每个真正的人都是个事业、一个国家和个时代；他们需要无限的空间、无数的人和无限的时间去完成自己的使命；子孙后代似乎像一排门客，跟随在他的身后。,other information,爱默生,Epigram by EmersonThe first wealth is health.健康是人生的第一笔财富。A great man is always willing to be little.伟大的人物总是愿意当小人物的。Self-trust is the first secret of success.自信乃成功之第一秘诀。Progress is the activity of today and the assurance of tomorrow.进步是今天的活动，明天的保证。No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.除了你自己之外，没有人能哄骗你离开最后的成功。,The reward of a thing well done is to have done it.RW Emerson,thank you,B080307侯晓楠,
