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1、A Green Internet,Information Logistics and Energy,Rod Tucker,ARC Special Research Centre for,Ultra-Broadband Information Networks(CUBIN),My Friends:,Jayant Baliga,Kerry Hinton,Rob Ayre,Energy and the InternetThe InternetVideo,EnergyIn,Core Network,DistributionNetwork,Data,DataCenter,Metro/EdgeNetwor
2、k,AccessNetwork,Out,Why is Energy Important?OPEX Greenhouse Impact Energy-limited capacity bottlenecks(“hot spots”)Enabling energy efficiencies in other sectors,GtCo22,Putting Things into ContextInformation and Communication Technologies(ICT),Global Emissions,GtCOee,Business asUsual 2020,Global Emis
3、sions,2020 Abatements,Other,ICT,Emissions5%of total“SMART 2020:Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age,”GeSI,2008 www.gesi.org,Summary,Estimating energy consumption of the Internet,Where is the energy consumed,-Core,metro,access network,data centres?,Information Logistics-Cloud Comput
4、ing,-Travel Replacement-Airmail vs.Internet,The Khazzoom-Brookes postulate,Caveat:“Making predictions is difficult especially about the future.”,Network Energy ModelTier 1 Network,Core Network,Metro/Edge Network,Access Network,Core RouterEDFAOpticalcross connect,Fiber,EdgeRouters,BroadbandNetworkGat
5、eways,EthernetSwitch,DSLAMOLT,CabinetSplitter,Cu,Fiber,DSLPON,Hotspots,OLTSwitch,CabinetDSLAMONUFiber,Cu,FTTNPtP,ServerServer,Storage,Storage,Video Distribution NetworkData Center,Oversubscription,Oversubscription,3 Mb/s in 2009,M=,Peak access rate sold to userAverage access rate,M=25 0.12 Mb/s in 2
6、009,%ofElectricitySupply,Power(W/user),5,Baliga et al.,2008,Power Consumption of IP Network25Oversubscription=25,2015,2009 TechnologyTodays Internet(3 Mb/s),TotalRouters,1.0,10,Access(PON),SDH/WDM Links,0.5,0,0,50,100,150,200,250,2009,2020Peak Access Rate(Mb/s),Traffic Growth=40%p.a,Power Consumptio
7、n in Access Networks,Access N/W,Wave7 ONT-G1000i,Edge Node,Splitter,Fiber,GPON,Cisco6513,Hitachi 1220,Splitter,Cabinet,NEC VF200F6Cu,FTTNVDSL2,NEC AM3160,Cisco 4503,TC Communications TC3300,Fiber,PtP,Hitachi 1220,AxxceleraExcelMax BTS,AxxceleraExcelMax,CiscouBR10012,RFGateway,FiberNode,Cu,Cisco DCP3
8、000,WiMAX,HFCRF Amp,PowerPerUser(W),30,0,M,Power Consumption in Access Networks,20 users per sector=1,M=Oversubscription,20,WiMAX,FTTN,M=1,M=1,PtP,10,M=1,M=10,32 Customers,HFC,PON,M=1,M 10,0,1,10,100,1000,Peak Access Rate(Mb/s)PON FTTH is“greenest”,Low-Power States in User ModemsEUROPEAN COMMISSIOND
9、IRECTORATE-GENERAL JRCJOINT RESEARCH CENTREInstitute for the Environment and SustainabilityRenewable Energies UnitCode of Conducton Energy Consumption of Broadband EquipmentDraft Version 3Issue 15 17 July 2008“With implementation of this Code of Conduct,5.5 Millions tons of oilequivalent(TOE)will be
10、 saved per year.”,Extract:,ADSL-CPEVDSL2-CPEGPON ONUPtP ONU,Off-State(W)0.30.30.30.3,Low-PowerState(W)3.54.55.03.0,On-State(W)4.06.09.05.0,Energyperbit(J),0.1,Network Energy Consumption per Bit1000100 J/b1001 J/b,10,Total,1.0,Routers,Access(PON),WDM(Optical Fibre Trunk Links)0.01,2.5,25,250,2500,Pea
11、k Access Rate(Mb/s),Energyperbit(nJ),2009,Energy per Bit in Network Devices,10001001010.10.01,2009,Optical,PoS Ethernet Core,PON,Server,Amp,WDM Switch Router ONUTx/Rx(10 Mb/s),Cisco CRS-1 RouterLargest Routing System available todayLinecard Chassis:1.28 Tb/s,13.6 kW,Switch Fabric Chassis:8 kW,Power
12、consumptionBuffers,5%,Switch Fabric,10%,Power and Heat,Management,35%Control Plane,11%I/O,7%IP Look-Up andForwarding Engine,32%,Energy in Electronic Integrated CircuitsCwire,Linecard,CMOS ASIC,CMOSGates,Energy=,Egate+,1 2,Cwire V 2,Power=Energy x Bit Rate,SwitchingenergyEs,J,Fe,re,Switching Energy i
13、n CMOS10-14250,10,-16,130,CM,OS65,atu,s32,ize,(nm,),10-18,40%decrease/18 months(40%efficiency gain p.a.),18?,10-20,2000,2010,2020,Moores Law:Number of transistors x 2 each 18 months,Source:ITRS 97-06 Roadmaps,X1993Performance,10000,8,x,w,ore,0%,o y 4,M,ffici,e,Se,Router Capacity Growth,Router capaci
14、ty x 2.5/18 m12416,CRS-1(1.3 Tb/s,13.6 kW/rack),100010010,(0.3 Tb/s/rack)12016(80 Gb/s/rack),CM,O,m2/1s la p.a.encnergyRouter energy efficiency,improving at 20%p.a.Neilson,JSTQE 20061,1994,1996,1998,2000,2002,2004,2006,2008,2010,Year,Based on G.Epps,CISCO,2006,Power(W/user),%ofElectricitySupply,5,Ef
15、fect of Efficiency Gains25,2015,Overall Technology EfficiencyImprovement Rate=0%p.a,Total,1.0,Routers,10,Access(PON),SDH/WDM Links,0.5,0,0,50,100,150,200,250,0,2020Peak Access Rate(Mb/s)Baliga et al.,2008,Power(W/user),%ofElectricitySupply,5,Effect of Efficiency Gains25,2015,Overall Technology Effic
16、iencyImprovement Rate=0%p.a,5%p.a10%p.a,1.0,10,Target,20%p.a,0.5,0,0,50,100,150,200,250,2020Peak Access Rate(Mb/s)Baliga et al.,JLT,2009,Access,Network,Global,Packet Core,Network,Towards Energy-Efficient NetworksApplicationContent Server,Efficient Clients andhome networks,AccessNetwork,Servers andDa
17、ta Centres,GlobalPacket CoreNetworkApplicationContent Server,Alternatives for,Sleep mode,Adaptive sharing of,Energy management,complex PC,Adaptive control of,content,solutions e.g.optical/electronic,Sleep mode and,components based,Highly efficient power,bypass,fast“wake up”,adaptive modes of,on comm
18、unicationrequirements,adaptive processing,Content delivery,network and clients,Virtualization,networks(e.g.IPTV),After:Gladish et al.,ECOC 2008,1,2,Data Centers,Data center electricity consumption is 1%of the global total1,Energy consumption of data centers worldwide doubled between 2000 and2006 2,I
19、ncremental US demand for data centre energy between 2008 and 2010 isthe equivalent of 10 new power plants2,1 MW Data Center,Koomey,2008,Revolutionizing Data Centre EfficiencyKey Analyses”,McKinsey&Company,April 2008.,30,20,Energy Consumption in a Data Centre,ConversionLoss,Lighting,ICT,Infrastructur
20、e,Cooling,50,40,“Burden factor”of 1.8 to 2.5 for powerconsumption associated with cooling,10,50%,35%,15%,conversion/distribution and lighting,0,Server,Storage,Network,Sources:EYP Mission Critical Facilities,Cisco IT,Network World,Customer Interviews,APC,Information Logistics,Management of data,inclu
21、ding,transport,storage,and processing,Some typical issues/questions:,Wired vs.wireless broadband access Can Cloud Computing save energy?Renewable energy sources,Physical vs.Internet delivery of data,Can Internet Travel replacement save the planet?Optimum design of Video on Demand systems,Storage,Clo
22、ud Computing,Enterprise Data CenterServers,Processors,PON Access Network,Computer,Storage,Core Network,OLT,Splitter,Fiber,ONU,Core,Router,OXC,Servers,Processors,BroadbandNetworkGatewaysEdgeRoutersEthernetSwitchMetro/Edge Network,Total EnergyConsumption=Energy/bit used in Storage Transport Processing
23、X,StoragePublic Data Center,Cloud,Total number of bits,Three Cloud Computing Scenarios,Software-as-a-Service,Stored on users computer with updates downloaded regularly,Service Bureau,Most tasks done on lower end user machine,outsource the,“big”jobs,Computing-as-a-Service,Hosted and run on provider c
24、omputer“farm”with data initially,uploaded from user(Thin client model),Can cloud computing save energy?,Service BureauHere is my raw,ComputingResource,ServiceCenterMetro/EdgeNetwork,video footageand editcommandsAccessNetwork,Mid-rangeComputers,Service Bureau Hardware&Software,Service Bureau,Computin
25、gResource,ServiceCenterMetro/EdgeNetwork,Here is yourDVD ImageAccessNetwork,Mid-rangeComputers,Service Bureau Hardware&Software,AveragePowerConsumption,W,160,40,Energy Consumption of Service Bureau ModelComputer used for 20 hrs/week,plus some video encoding of hour videos180,140120,Older Computer,Tr
26、ansport energydominates,100,Mid-range Computer,8060Low-end Computer&outsourcing200,0,20,40,60,80,100,120,Number of Encodings per Week,Following the Sun and the Wind,Making best use of renewable energy,Locate computing and storage resources near sources of renewable energy Move data to follow the sun
27、 and winds,Requires many orders of magnitude increase in a data transport capacity Transport/efficiency trade-off,Data by Airmail vs.Data by the InternetData by Airmail:,3x10532-GB,Cargo Jet,Melbourne,flashdrives,107 GB103 kg CO2,20 nJ/b,Sydney,Data by Internet:,(24 hours),107 GBThe Internet,1000 Gb
28、/s for 24 hours,2 J/b105 kg CO2,Energyperbit(J),Energy Consumption per Bit1000100 J/b100,10,1 J/b,Total,2 J/b,1.0,Routers,Access(PON),0.10.01,Flash chips by Airmail,WDM Links,2.5,25,250,2500,Peak Access Rate(Mb/s),Using the Internet for Travel ReplacementVideo Conferencing,Source:CISCO,2008,Travel R
29、eplacement Greenhouse Impact(C02)Air TravelBusiness Meeting500 kg/person return,MelbourneVideo Conferencing,2 X 1 Gb/s for 6 hours=4 TB5 kg/person,Sydney,Distancetravelled(km),Rods Telecommute Calculator,100,00010,000,Tele-work,Business Meetingin Sydney,1,000100,BicycleDaily work,Train,Plane,Car,10,
30、1,Travel,0.1,10,100,1,10,100,1000,Mb/s-hr,Gb/s-hrBitrate-Time Product,large,The Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate,Energy efficiency at micro level,reduction of energy use at this level,But leads to an increase in energy use,at the macro level Example:,Wide bodied passenger aircraft,lower costs per passenge
31、r,increase in air travel,increased greenhouse emissions,“Energy efficiency is absolutely the wrong approach to network design.The objective should be to make the network carbon neutral”-Bill St.Arnaud,CANARIED.Khazzoom Energy Journal,10,1987,L.Brookes Energy Policy,20,1992Inhaber,“Why Energy Conserv
32、ation Fails”,Quorum,2002H.Herring,http:/technology.open.ac.uk/eeru/staff/horace/kbpotl.htm,Some Interest Groups and Organizations,http:/www.atis.org/0050/,http:/www.gesi.org/,http:/www.itu.int/climate,http:/www.thegreengrid.org/home,http:/,http:/,Summary The Way Forward,Energy consumption of the Int
33、ernet is small,but growing Internet energy consumption dominated by,Access network today,Core network in the future,A multi-faceted approach needed to build a green Internet:Improved efficiency in electronic and photonic devices Low-energy switching techniques Improved architectures New protocols,Information Logistics,A new approach to network design and management,Melbourne Information Logistics Centre(MILC)?Centre for Information LOgistics(CILO)?,
