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1、Chemical and Microbial Properties of Various Compost Products,各种堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性,1.Introduction2.Materials and methods3.Results and Discussion,Introduction,Various compost products tend to display variations in their chemical and microbial properties.The chemical and microbial properties of the compost
2、 products arevery important for the agricultural use of the composts.不同堆肥产品能够显示出他们的化学和微生物特性差异。堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性对于堆肥在农业使用方面是非常重要的。,Introduction,Application of compost to soil increased the total soil organic matter content,improved the soil physical properties with a significant increase in soil porosity
3、 and hydraulic conductivity(Wong et al.1999),increased the soil cation exchange capacity(CEC)and soil pH堆肥的施用能够增加土壤有机质含量，改善土壤的物理性质并显著增加土壤孔隙度和渗透系数，增加土壤阳离子交换容量(CEC)和土壤的pH值。,Introduction,However in some cases compost application exerted the deleterious effects,including delay in germination and inhibit
4、ion of grain yield.In general,the application of immature compost to soils may lead to a decrease of crop yield然而在某些情况下堆肥施用会产生不利的影响，包括延迟种子萌发和抑制粮食产量。一般来说，应用未腐熟的堆肥可能导致作物产量降低。,Introduction,Research on farmyard manure application to soil suggested that the microorganisms from the farmyard manure compost
5、 affected the soil microbial composition Apparently the chemical and microbial properties of the compost products are the factors that affect the soil properties 农家肥应用的研究表明农家肥影响土壤微生物组成。显然,堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性是影响土壤特性的主要因素。,Introduction,The quality assessment of compost products based on their chemical and m
6、icrobial properties is very important not only for the product itself,but also for the agricultural environment.However,few analyses have been performed to evaluate the microbial properties.不管是产品本身还是对农业环境，堆肥产品的质量评估都主要基于他们的化学和微生物特性。然而，对微生物特性的评估还较少。,Introduction,With the application of compost product
7、s in agriculture,the microbial properties of the compost products have been increasingly concerned.On the other hand,because the microbial properties are considered to be substantially affected by the chemical properties,research on the relation between the chemical properties and microbial properti
8、esmay provide useful information about the composting control strategy.随着堆肥在农业方面的应用微生物特性受广泛关注。另一方面，因为微生物特性受化学性质的影响，研究化学性质和微生物特性之间的关系可以为堆肥控制策略提供有用的信息。,Introduction,In recent years,culture-independent methods have Downloaded by Kunming Institute of Botany at 02:20 22 April 2012274 J.-c.TANG et al.been
9、 successfully used to analyze the microbial community structure in environmental samples such as soil and compost.The methods are based on the profiles of biomarkers like ribosomal RNA genes,phospholipid fatty acids,and respiratory quinones近年来，独立培养分析法已经被成功用于分析环境样品如土壤和堆肥的微生物群落结构。这个方法是基于标记物如核糖体RNA基因，磷
10、脂脂肪酸和呼吸醌的特性。,Introduction,The use of respiratory quinones is convenient for the assessment of microbial communities in composts because of the applicability to simultaneous analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and technical superiority,i.e.,simplicity,high reproducibility,and ease i
11、n data interpretation.The analysis of the respiratory quinones was also useful for characterizing the microbial community structurein soil采用呼吸醌是为便于评估堆肥中的微生物群落，由于这种方法适用于同时分析原核、真核微生物及技术优越性，简单来说，就是便于多次重复和数据解释。呼吸醌的分析对土壤微生物群落结构的特性也是有用的。,Introduction,In this paper,we examined the structure of microbial co
12、mmunities in various compost products based on respiratory quinone profile analysis as well as chemical properties,and evaluated the relationship among different parameters of chemical and microbial properties.在本文中，我们研究各种堆肥产品中微生物群落的结构是基于呼吸醌特性分析以及化学性质，并对化学和微生物特性的不同参数进行评价。,Materials and methods,Forty-
13、four compost products were used in this study as shown in Table 1.Most of the products differed in the composition of the raw materials,additives,maximum composting temperature,fermentation period,and storage period.这项研究采用了四十四种堆肥产品如表1所示。大多数的产品在原料的成分、食品添加剂、最大堆肥温度、发酵周期和存储期之间存在差异。,Materials and methods
14、,Based on the composition of the raw materials,the compost products were classified into seven categories:wood,coffee ground,grass,buckwheat shells,animal manure,food waste,and others.We tried to collectas much information about composts as possible.However because the composts were mostly commercia
15、l products,some data were not available.基于原材料的成分，堆肥产品分为7类:木屑，咖啡渣，牧草，荞麦壳，动物粪便，食品废弃物和其他。我们试图收集尽可能多的堆肥的信息。然而，因为堆肥大多是商业产品，一些数据并不可用。,Materials and methods,Materials and methods,Materials and methods,The moisture content was determined after the materials were dried at 105。C for 24 h.Then the dried sample
16、s were ground and analyzed for the total carbon(TC)and total nitrogen(TN)contents using a CHN analyzer 水分含量是在105下烘24小时后测定。干样品粉碎后用CHN analyzer（碳氢氮元素分析仪）分析总碳(TC)和总氮(TN)，,Materials and methods,The values of the pH and electric conductivity(EC)were determined using pH meter and EC meter(DKK TOA Corporat
17、ion,Tokyo,Japan),respectively,after the samples were mixed with distilled water at a ratio of 1:9 for 30 min.pH值用酸度计测量，电导率(EC)用电导率仪测量。水土比是1:9，静置30min后测量。,Materials and methods,Respiratory quinone profile analysis was performed by the method applied for soil analysis as described by Fujie et a1.(1998
18、),except that 5 g samples were used for quinone extraction and post-run analysis of the data was performed according to the Shimadzu CLASS-VP V5.032 program.呼吸醌的特性分析方法采用Fujie et a1的方法。称5 g样品用于醌提取，数据分析是用Shimadzu CLASS-VPV5.032 program。,Materials and methods,The menaquinones and ubiquinones were expre
19、ssed in an abbreviated form,namely MK and Q,followed after a hyphen by the number of isoprenoid units and the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrogenation of double bonds in the side chains(Katayama and Fujie 2000).The quinone species were identified based on the retention time and UV absorption sp
20、ectrum,and sometimes LC/MS was used to confirm the results.甲基萘醌和泛醌用简写形式表达，分别为MK和Q，连字号后面标注类异戊二烯单元数目和侧链上双键在氢化作用时需要的氢原子数目。通过保持时间和紫外吸收光谱来鉴定醌种类，有时也通过LC-MS（液相色谱-串联质谱）证实结果。,Materials and methods,Based on quinone analysis,two parameters,total quinone(TQ)contents and quinone diversity(DQ)index,were calculate
21、d.TQ is the sum of the quinone contents of different species in a compost sample.DQ was proposed by Hu et a1.as follows:醌分析主要基于两个参数,总醌(TQ)含量和醌多样性(DQ)。TQ是堆肥样品中不同种类醌的总和。DQ可用下面的式子表示：,Materials and methods,Results and Discussion,General propertiesTable 2 shows the analytical results of the chemicaland m
22、icrobial properties of 44 compost products.Values of the chemical and microbial properties varied considerably as follows:moisture content 3.1-82.7%,pH 4.38-9.44,EC 0.12-17.08 mS em-I,TC content 16.9-51.0%,TN content 0.61-9.83%,C/N ratio 5.2-53.1,ash content 4.2-63.2%.表2列出了44个堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性的分析结果。化学和微
23、生物特性的值有很大差别如下：水分含量3.1-82.7，pH值4.38-9.44，电导率0.12-17.08 ms cm-1，总碳含量16.9-51.0，总氮含量0.61-9.83，C/N比值5.2-53.1，灰分含量4.2-63.2，,Results and Discussion,TQ content 0.0-215.2 f.Lmolkg-1 dry sample,and value of DQ index 0.0-20.8.The wide range of the values expressed the diversity of the chemical and microbial pr
24、operties of the various compost products.总醌干样品含量0.0-215.2 umolkg-1，和DQ的价值指数0.0-20.8。这些大量的数值说明了各种堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性的多样性。,Results and Discussion,Results and Discussion,Results and Discussion,Wide ranges of moisture content and ash content were probably due to the properties of the raw materials and the con
25、ditions of the composting processes.The pH values were high in the manure composts.Low pH was found mostly in the wood and food waste composts with a value as low as 4.38,indicating the presence of an acidic environment.The different pH values in the same group might reflect differences in the compo
26、sting processes.大量的水分和灰分含量很可能是由于原料和堆肥工艺条件的属性所引起的。粪便堆肥的pH值高。发现木材和食品废弃物堆肥大多是在低于4.38低pH下，从而表明木材和食品废弃物堆肥要在酸性环境中。在同一组中不同的pH值可能表明在堆肥过程中存在着差异。,Results and Discussion,The EC values were high in the food and manure composts,reflecting the high salt content of these compost products.Moderate EC values were fo
27、und in other groups of composts.TC was the main component in the dry compost samples.High TC contents were found in the wood and buckwheat shell composts and low contents in the manure composts.在食品和粪堆肥中电导率值很高，从而反映了这些堆肥产品的含盐量很高。在其他组的堆肥中发现中和的电导率值。总碳是干燥的堆肥样品中的主要组成部分。在木材和荞麦壳堆肥中发现总碳的含量高，而在粪便堆肥中含量低。,Resul
28、ts and Discussion,C/N ratio is very importantfor conducting a successful composting process.The C/N ratios in most of the composts were below 20.The C/N ratios in the wood composts were high(except W6)compared to the values of other composts.Food waste composts showed high TN contents and low C/N ra
29、tios,which can be explained by the fact that substances containing nitrogen like proteins were abundant in the food waste composts.These results indicated that the chemicalproperties depended significantly on the raw materials.C/N比值在进行成功的堆肥过程中是非常重要的。在堆肥中的C/N比值均低于20，在木材堆肥中的C/N（W6除外）比其他堆肥的要高。食物垃圾堆肥表现出
30、较高的全氮含量和低C/N比值，事实上这就可以解释在食物渣滓堆肥中含有丰富的类似蛋白质的含氮物质。这些结果表明，化学性质显著取决于原材料。,Results and Discussion,High quinone contents were found in the C6,B2,and M9 composts.Wood composts showed low quinone contents,indicating that the level of the microbial biomass was low because of the low N content and the presence
31、 of resistant substrates like lignin in wood.在C6，B2，和M9处理堆肥中发现醌的含量高。在木堆肥中醌含量低，是因为低氮含量和像木质素等的存在导致微生物生物量的水平低。,Results and Discussion,In the coffee composts,it was apparently shown that the addition of com steep liquor increased considerably the quinone contents and DQ values in the C4 and C5 composts,
32、compared to the C2 and C3 composts for which the addition of com steep liquor was omitted.The long composting time(6 months)might have contributed tothe high quinone content in C6.在咖啡堆肥中显然表明，在C4和C5堆肥中除了玉米浆之外大大增加醌含量和DQ值，相比之下C2和C3堆肥中则被忽视。长时间堆肥（6个月）有可能导致C6堆肥中醌的含量高。,Results and Discussion,The grass comp
33、osts were prepared under the same composting conditions but with different additives.The addition of tree-cuttings to the grass composts led to a low quinone content in the Gl,G2,and G3 composts,while the quinone content increased with the addition of cow dung and foaming silicate to the G5 and G6 c
34、omposts.Compared to G6,the addition of vermiculite and bentonite led to a higher quinone content,while the addition of coffee and zeolite led to a lower quinone content in the grass composts.草堆肥是在相同堆肥但有不同的添加剂条件下制备的。在没有添加树枝的草堆肥中G1，G2和G3堆肥中醌含量低，而没有牛粪和泡沫硅酸盐中G5和G6的堆肥中醌含量增加。与G6相比，草堆肥中没有蛭石，膨润土醌含量较高，而没有咖啡和
35、沸石醌含量较低。,Results and Discussion,The DQ values in the grass composts were very high,indicating that complex microbial communities could have been developed during the compo sting of grass.The manure composts varied both in the quinone contents and DQ values.The addition of rice straw to cow dung led
36、to the highest quinone content and DQ value in this group.No quinones were detected in the F5 and F6 samples.在草堆肥中DQ值很高，表明可能已在草堆肥中开发复杂的微生物群落。粪堆肥中醌含量和DQ值都会发生变化。在这个组中没有稻草的牛粪导致醌含量和DQ值最高。在F5和F6样品中没有检测到醌。,Results and Discussion,Although the composting process(raw materials,maturation conditions)affects t
37、he chemical properties,it also affects considerably the microbial properties.Culture methods always give biased results especially in the case of composts in which complex microbial communities make it difficult to select standard culture media and culture conditions.虽然堆肥过程（原材料，成熟的条件下）影响的化学性质，这也大大影响
38、微生物特性。培养方法总是存在有异议的结果，特别是在复杂的堆肥过程中，微生物群落使它难以选择标准的培养方法和培养条件。,Results and Discussion,Therefore a culture-independent method,based on the quinone profile was used as a biomarker in this paper.It might be preferable if other methods could be applied to confirm our results.Characterization of the microbia
39、l communities by other methods will be considered in further studies.因此，独立培养的方法，基于醌类被用来作为本文的标志物。如果其他方法可应用于我们的研究结果证实，它可能是可取的。在将来的研究中将被通过其他方法来研究微生物群落的特征.,Results and Discussion,Results and Discussion,The relation between the chemical properties and microbial properties indicated that microbial propert
40、ies are related to the moisture content,pH,and C/N ratio of the compost products.It appears that these three parameters also reflect the composting conditions to some extent.化学性质和微生物特性之间的关系表明，微生物的特性与堆肥产品的水分含量，pH值，和C/N比有关。看来，这三个参数在一定程度上反映堆肥条件。,Results and Discussion,Thus,when we assess different comp
41、ost products,both the composition of the raw materials and composting process should be considered The degree of effects of the composting process on the microbial properties in the products will be analyzed in further studies.因此，当我们评估不同的堆肥产品时，无论是原料组成和堆肥过程都应该被考虑。在将来堆肥过程中微生物特性影响程度将进一步被研究分析,请各位老师和同学批评指正,
