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1、The Political System in the United States,Articles of Confederation联邦条款,When the War of Independence was over,each new state had its own government and was organized like an independenet nation.However,these states would raise money to pay off debts of the war,establish a money system and deal with
2、foreign nations in making treaties.The agreement that set this plan of cooperation was called the Articles of Confederation,The Articles of Confederation failed Because the states did not cooperateThe Congress at the time had been given no authority to force any state to do anything.,In May of 1787C
3、onstitutional Convention began In PhiladelphiaGeorge Washington,the military hero of the War of Independence being the presiding officer.,12 states except Rhode Island,A written constitution is a formal document defining the nature of the constitutional settlement,the rules that govern the political
4、 system and the rights of citizens and governments in a codified编成法典 form.,The main contents of Constitution,A Preamble,Makes it clear that the government is set up by“We,the People”Its purpose is to“promote the general welfare and secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.”,We,t
5、he people of the United States,in order to form a more perfect Union,establish justice,insure domestic tranquility,provide for the common defense,promote the general welfare,and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United St
6、ates of America.我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联盟，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。,“Bill of Rights”In 1791added to the Constitution,Without guaranteeing the freedom or the basic rights and privileges of citizens,Two fears in writing the constitution,One fear:one person or group might become
7、 too powerful.A government consisting of three parts,or branches,the executive,the legislative and the judicial was set up.,Another fear,the new central government might weaken or take away the power of state governments.The Constitution specified exactly what power the central government had and wh
8、ich power was reserved for the states.,The Constitution of the United States,It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts with some rights reserved to each,Seperation of three powers:legislative,executive and judicial;democratic politics,A federal system o
9、f government is one that divides the powers of government between the national(federal)government and state and local governments.The Constitution of the United States established the federal system,also known as federalism.Under federalism,each level of government has sovereignty in some areas and
10、shares powers in other areas.,Share:make and enforce laws;levy tax;borrow money,National government Coin moneyDeclare warConduct foreign relationsOversee foreign and interstate trade,State governmentRatify amendmentsManage public health and safetyOversee trade within the stateEducation,The constitut
11、ion does not clearly list the powers of the states.Instead,it says that all powers not specifically granted to the national government are reserved to the states.,Separation of power,Legislative exercised by the CongressExecutive-headed by the presidentJudicial executed by the Supreme Court,“Three P
12、owers”,Legislative Branch,The House of Representatives is made up of 435 elected members,divided among the 50 states in proportion to their total population.In addition,there are 6 non-voting members,representing the District of Columbia,the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,and four other territories of
13、the United States.The presiding officer of the chamber is the Speaker of the House,elected by the Representatives.He or she is third in the line of succession to the Presidency.Members of the House are elected every two years and must be 25 years of age,a U.S.citizen for at least seven years,and a r
14、esident of the state(but not necessarily the district)they represent.,The Senate is composed of 100 Senators,2 for each state.Until the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913,Senators were chosen by state legislatures,not by popular vote.Since then,they have been elected to six-year terms by the
15、 people of each state.Senators terms are staggered交错 so that about one-third of the Senate is up for reelection every two years.Senators must be 30 years of age,U.S.citizens for at least nine years,and residents of the state they represent.,The main duty of the Congress,To make laws,levy taxes,decla
16、re war,put treaties into effectAll bills have to pass both the Senate and the House before going to the President for his signatureDivision of powerThe House:draft revenue-raising bills and has the sole power of impeachmentThe Senate:approves treaties and presidential appointments,try impeachment ca
17、ses.,Terms,Bill:a proposed law being considered by a legislature.Lobbies:groups who try to persuade congressmen to vote or against a bill Law:a bill passed by both houses of Congress and sent to the president for his signature.,游说集团：direct and indirect,Executive Branch,The president:the chief execut
18、ive;elected to a four-year term for only two terms.The vice president:to serve as the presiding officer of the Senate;the vice president may vote in the Senate only in the event of a tie.13 departments:State,Treasury,Defense,Justice,Interior,Agriculture,Commerce,Labor,Health and Human Services,Housi
19、ng and Urban Development,Transportation,Energy and Education.,State TreasuryDefenseJusticeInteriorAgricultureCommerce,国务院财政部国防部司法部内政部农业部商务部,LaborHealth and Human ServicesHousing and Urban DevelopmentTransportationEnergyEducation,劳工部卫生与公共事业部住房与城市发展部交通部能源部教育部,White House the official home and principa
20、l workplace of the presidents of the United States,The President,Qualifications:be a natural-born citizen of the United Statesbe at least thirty-five years oldHave been a permanent resident in the United States for at least 14 years,The power of the president,Administration:Manage state affairs and
21、the federal governments all kinds of workRelease the decree and appoint officialsCommander in chief of the armed forces军队最高指挥官 and raise the national guard,Lawmaking:veto any bill of Congress unless two-thirds people overturn his vetoJudicature:appoint the supreme judicial officials,but shall obtain
22、 approval in the Senate.Foreign affairs:manage diplomats,sign the treaty with other countries,Judicial Branch,Head:Supreme Court(only court specifically created by the Constitution)11 federal courts of appeal and 91 federal district courts(established by Congress).Federal courts do not hear cases审理案
23、件 arising out of the laws of individual states.,上诉法院,Checks and Balances,System of Checks and Balances works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another,Checks and Balances,Judicial Branch,Executive Branch,Legislative Branch,Political Parties,The Democratic Party t
24、he donkey The Republican Party the elephant,General Election,Time:every 4 years,Eligibility,A native in the US35 or over on the date of the election Have residence for 13 years,Process,The Primary初选The National Conventions提名The Election Campaign竞选The Election Day全民投票Casting the Electoral Vote选举人投票,T
25、he Primary初选,Time:from February to June on the election yearAim:the delegates of each party to attend the National ConventionPersonal campaign:every aspirant for the presidential candidacy,The National Conventions提名,Time:July to AugustAim:to choose candidates for President and vice-President and to
26、determine the parties platform纲领,The Election Campaign竞选,Time:September to NovemberAim:the competitive effort of rival candidates to win support of the votersMeans:television,radio,newspapers,telephone calls,door-to-door visits,public speeches,and so on,The Election Day全民投票,Time:the first Tuesday af
27、ter the first week in NovemberAim:to choose presidential electors总统选举人 within the states by common peopleNumbers:538(equal to the number of its representatives in congress plus its two senators plus 3 from Washington DC),Casting the Electoral Vote选举人投票,Time:the first Monday after the second Thursday in DecemberAim:to choose the President and vice-President among the candidates by electors in each state,Features of Election,Winner-take-all policy(胜者全得，赢家通吃)or first-past-the-post 简单多数制The party that wins most votes in a state wins all the electoral votes for the state,
