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1、Table of Contents,1Executive Summary2CRMS Project Review3CRMS Project Commercial Process Improvements4HAVICS System Overview 5HAVICS System Technical Components 5.1Rating Methodology Overview5.2Rating Decision Support Parameters5.3Pricing Methodology Overview5.4Pricing Decision Support Parameters5.5
2、Limits Methodology Overview5.6Limits Decision Support Parameters,PurposeThe agreed upon purpose of the limits model is to establish both a maximum prudent exposure limit and a desired exposure limit.Those two categories encompass a number of individual limits that are calculated within the model:Reg
3、ulatory limits.These limits are simply the regulatory requirements generally based on bank capital and covering individual companies,groups,jumbo loans and Hanvit subsidiaries.Target Debt Limits.These are most likely applied only to individual companies.They are based on sliding rating-scale percent
4、ages of company valuation.Total Exposure Limit.This limit incorporates information about equity and derivatives positions the Bank may have with the borrower.,Regulatory Limits MethodologyFSS regulations require lending to individual borrowers and to company groups not to exceed certain bank capital
5、 amounts.All limits are based on outstanding amounts and current bank capital.LimitIndividual Company20%of CapitalGroup25%of CapitalJumbo LoansSum of all Jumbo 5 x CapitalSingle Hanvit Subsidiary10%of CapitalAll Hanvit Subsidiaries20%of Capital,Target Debt Limits MethodologyThe Target Debt Limit is
6、designed to provide a quick lending limit benchmark based on a company valuation.The target limit is applied to all outstanding debt the company has to both Hanvit and other banks.The percentage scale at right displays the amount of company value by rating that sets the limit.These percentages were
7、subjectively derived based on discussion with Bank members.Ongoing maintenance would require a review of the practical implementation of these percentages.,Total Exposure Limit MethodologyThe purpose of limits,according to the regulators,is to ensure that the bank does not have too much exposure to
8、any one borrower so that it places the bank in jeopardy.This notion of maximum prudent exposure is represented in the regulatory and target debt limits.A complimentary idea is setting of a desired exposure for the Bank.This notion of limit setting incorporates methods of portfolio management.In prac
9、tice at other large international banks,the desired exposure is well below that of the maximum exposures as evidenced by experience with the KMV model.The largest exposures are usually within the regulatory or maximum exposures,but they do not meet the portfolio managers desires.The method assumes t
10、hat a borrowers limit corresponds to the first point at which additional credit exposure would make more than a maximum allowed contribution to portfolio risk.This maximum,marginal contribution would be set by credit policy.The approach implies that the borrowers size,risk rating,types of credit fac
11、ilities,and correlation with the banks entire portfolio will affect the limit.Thus,limits will be lower for smaller,higher risk borrowers,who post little collateral,and are highly correlated with the bank.,Total Exposure Limit Methodology(continued)The methodology uses a computationally feasible equ
12、ation for approximating the credit-portfolio-risk contribution of a borrower.The formula below,representing the general form of risk contribution,accounts for derivatives and equity in addition to loans outstanding.,RC=EDF_WT x LIED_WT x CORR_WT x EXP+EQTY_EXP x EQTY_CORRVariableDefinitionRCEstimate
13、d contribution to portfolio riskEDF_WTWeight proportional to the borrowers EDFLIED_WTWeight proportional to the loss in event of default typical of the borrowers facilitiesCORR_WTWeight proportional to the borrowers correlation with the portfolioEXPNominal exposure adjusting for loan equivalency(inc
14、luding mark-to-market derivatives)but not the above weightsEQTY_CORRWeight proportional to the borrowers equity correlation with the portfolio by company sizeEQTY_EXPNominal exposure mark-to-market equity value but not the above weights,Total Exposure Limit Methodology(continued)The marginal risk co
15、ntribution is computed from the change in risk contribution with respect to indebtednessMRC=DRC/DDHere MRC denotes the marginal risk contribution,D change,and D total indebtedness of the borrower.A borrowers credit limit is determined by finding the point at which MRC reaches a ceiling of maximum ma
16、rginal risk contribution(MMRC)set by policy.Limit=EXP at which DRC/DD=MMRC,Table of Contents,1Executive Summary2CRMS Project Review3CRMS Project Commercial Process Improvements4HAVICS System Overview 5HAVICS System Technical Components 5.1Rating Methodology Overview5.2Rating Decision Support Paramet
17、ers5.3Pricing Methodology Overview5.4Pricing Decision Support Parameters5.5Limits Methodology Overview5.6Limits Decision Support Parameters,Maximum Marginal Risk Contribution(MMRC)To make the total exposure limit approach operational,a threshold for the MRC has to be established.In a full,portfolio
18、risk-return analysis,the threshold would conceivably be set depending on the return associated with a borrowers loans.Since this limit setting method does not incorporate pricing,a reasonable alternative would set the MMRC from regulatory limits.In this case,an extremely large borrower is selected w
19、ith the highest risk grade in an industry with a low correlation with the banks overall portfolio.Using this method it is assumed that that borrowers entire indebtedness is with the bank.MRC value corresponding to the regulatory limit on credit exposure to a single borrower is then solved for.That M
20、RC would represent the MMRC threshold to be used in determining limits for all borrowers.Several initial experiments with the various borrowers produced roughly an MMRC value of.0075.It is expected that this value will be refined as the total exposure limit becomes more fully accepted within the Ban
21、k.Ongoing maintenance of this factor will require both informal loan officer reviews and a more rigorous analysis using various large borrowers at the regulatory limit.,Concentration WeightsThe total exposure limit algorithm requires weights that are proportional to the borrowers correlation with th
22、e portfolio.The initial limits model will have three concentration levels,high,medium and low.These three concentrations are most likely sufficient coverage of correlation information.Any smaller segmentation of the concentrations may place too great a burden on the limits model operator since an ov
23、erly large amount of research should not be necessary to operate the model.The initial model weights were determined mostly subjectively with some support from trial and error iterations of the model.When a sufficient amount of data has been gathered,it is recommended an actual correlation analysis
24、be run on a representative portfolio to determine reasonable ranges for the concentration and weight parameters.,Equity Volatility FactorsIn order to place equity amounts held by the Bank on a more equivalent basis with loans and derivatives,a weight proportional to the borrowers equity correlation
25、with the portfolio by company size is required input.Initial volatility assumptions were determined similarly to the way concentration weights were determined,mostly subjectively with some support from model tests,though some knowledge of US equity markets helped bracket the magnitude.A study of correlation between equity volatility and company size should be carried out soon.Such a study,requiring historical equity data,would become the preferred method for maintaining and validating these factors.,
