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1、Stonehenge and other Megaliths of western Europe,Amichinellearte,Stonehenge,Wiltshire,England,Carnac,Brittany,France,Agriculture spread to western and northern Europe by 5 kya.MEGALITHS appeared about the same time as farming.,Megalith=structure made of stone slabs and boulders.There are three major
2、 categories:Henges,menhirs,and tombs.,Ireland,England(Avebury below),Scotland,Sweden,Tens of thousands of megaliths are found throughout the western fringe of Europe.,The Gambia(Wassu Stone Circle,A.D.750;2.5 m tall),Henge:a circular monument.(usually defined by a circular ditch and bank system;they
3、 could have stone or timber enclosures;used in context of sacred enclosures).,Avebury,Wiltshire,Engand(right,J.Wellard photo)and Dowth Henge,County Meath,Irelend(K);Stonehenge sunset(Christopher Holt).,Menhir:large,standing stone(can be alone or in linear arrangements)say:men-eah(r),Menhirs at Carna
4、c,in the French province of Brittany.,Collapsed menhir at Locmariaquer,Brittany(23 m/75 feet tall&350 tons),Menhirs at CarnacBrittany Province,France,*13 parallel lines*spanning 4 miles(6 km)*their purpose is unclear,Major types of megalithic tombs in western Europe.,Dolmen from Switzerland Auvernie
5、r;passage grave is a late Neolithic burial on the Island of Anglese;gallery grave is LE COUPERIN UTL.,1.Dolmen,2.Passage Graveentered via a long,low narrow passage that opens into a wider room,3.Gallery Graveno entrance passage;the burial room/rooms make up the structure.,Dolmen generic term for a s
6、mall,megalithic tomb or chamber with a roof.,LHistoire dAudierne Le dolmen de Menez Korriged en Plouhinec 2004;upper right dolmen from Switzerland Auvernier;,left,Poulnabrone Dolmen,County Clare,Ireland.,Barrowround or elongated mound of earth to cover burialse.g.,barrow might cover a gallery grave(
7、often surrounded by a ditch),The West Kennet longbarrow:one of the largest and best preserved Neolithic burial chambers in Britain 5500 ya(from Gods in the Rocks).,Images of the Past,4th edition,p.513;French megalithic tomb(Baug Maine-et-Loire).,Distribution map of megalithic tombs3200-6800 ya,X,Sto
8、nehengeConstructionTook place over 1500 yrs(4900-3500 ya),X,4900 yaa circular ditch was excavated by farming people,Chippindale 1983 ucsc,Aubrey Holes,Between 4500-4900 ya*Upright timbers/posts placed in the center of the monument*Cremation burials placed in bank&ditch areas&Aubrey holes,Doug Stern,
9、Smithsonian,August 2005.,Doug Stern,Smithsonian,August 2005.,Bluestones 4600 ya80 bluestones originally were arranged in a double circle,4400-4500 yaTRILITHONS:two upright pillars(sandstone sarsens)with a crosspiece(lintel)on top of each sarsen,erected in horseshoe-shaped arrangement,surrounded by O
10、UTER sarsen circle with lintels.,Doug Stern,Smithsonian,August 2005.,Lintels perched in contiguous ring atop sarsens;each lintel connected to two adjacent sarsens with mortise&tenon joinery.,Outer Sarsen,Outer Bluestone Circle,Inner Sarsen Trilithons,Heelstone,Inner Bluestone“Horseshoe”,Altar Stone,
11、Newell 1959:6,Plan of Stonehenge showing the original position of the stones and those fallen or missing.,Heel Stone,The Avenue,John Aubrey(1629-1697)Templa DruidumSuggested that stone circles like Stonehenge“were temples of the Druids.”,Druid=priestly class in ancient Celtic society*appear in the h
12、istorical record 3800 ya(a bit later than Stonehenges construction)*the word Druid denotes the priestly class in ancient Celtic societies,which existed through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in the British Isles.,BBC,An observatory to observe the solstice?,Bluestones:A Closer Look,Part
13、 of the outer Sarsen Circle with lintels in place.They dwarf the bluestones in front of them.,The trench that Darvill and Wainwright marked out for the excavation was surprisingly small:just 8 by 11 feet,and 2 to 6 feet.The trench was wedged between a towering sarsen stone and two bluestones.,Profes
14、sors Geoffrey Wainwright and Tim Darvill dig turf within the circle of Stonehenge at the start of the excavation.,2008Excavations,Presli Mountains/Hills,Wales,Rocky outcrops making up Carn Menyn,“Amesbury Archer”3 miles from Stonehenge 2002 during excavations of a new school quantity of grave goods
15、rare35-45 years old at death-4300 ya(radiocarbon dates),Why an“archer”?,Protects wrist from bow backlash,Copper knives pre-bronze,which improved tools by making them harder,Beaker-a type of pottery found with copper tools in the earliest part of the Bronze Age.,Beaker culture also Beaker people,is t
16、he term for an archaeological culture present in prehistoric Europe(orange in map)during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age.,Isotope analysis of Amesbury Archers teeth suggests he was brought up in 9-10,somewhere in the Alps or southern Germany.A settler from Central Europe?,BluestonesRecent ra
17、diocarbon dates(from charred cereal grains and bone in bedrock-cut sockets for bluestones),allow an inferred date of 4200 and 4400 ya for the construction of the first bluestones.,Additional mounds,or barrows,containing Bronze Age cemeteries create numerous human-made hillocks on the landscape surro
18、unding Stonehenge.,Artistic rendition of Woodhenge;post hole photo from BBC.Co,UK(Aventi 1997).,Woodhenge*4300/4500 ya*concentric rings of wood posts,James Gray photo,Imagination has made Stonehenge a field of conjecture,where the mazes of wild opinion are more complex and intricate than the ruin(Ch
19、ristopher Chippindale 1983:6).,I think what most people like about Stonehenge is that nobody really knows why it was built,and I think thats probably always going to be the case.Its a bloody great mystery(Geoffrey Wainright 2008),Evidence of increasing complexityduring the middle Holocene?,The moder
20、n setting of Stonehenge:*close proximity of modern(A303 and A344)roadsand festivals.*1985 site was closed to festival goers by English Heritage and Natl Trust.,There has been a monument at Stonehenge for over 5000 years.Are we seriously talking about sacrificing 5000 years of history to make each mo
21、torists journey a few minutes quicker?,“Most of what has been written about Stonehenge is nonsense or speculationno one will ever have a clue what its significance was.R.J.C.Atkinson,Ancient Village Near Stonehenge(4600 ya)1.75 mi(2.8 km)E/NE of Stonehenge Durrington Walls,*8 houses found in Septemb
22、er 2006(may be hundreds of houses though)*Outlines of floors,beds,cupboards(tools,pottery,animal bones)*Each house had hard clay floor¢ral fireplace,Photos:Overview,National Geographic News(January 2007)&outline of small square house with center heart&row of small holes that represent remnants of a fence around the house New York Times(January 31,2007),Neolithic long mound:taking chalk from the ground and piling it onto the land(Bender 1998).,Human-made mounds dot the landscape around Stonehenge,STONEHENGE,STONEHENGE CURSUS,WOODHENGE,Modified from Darvill 1997,
