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1、虚拟语气,The Subjunctive Mood,一、什么是虚拟语气？,语气是动词的一种形式，用来表示讲对某件事情的看法或态度。英语中有三种语气：,语气,陈述语气(Indicative Mood),祈使语气(Imperative Mood),虚拟语气(subjunctive Mood),1,2,陈述语气一般用来讲述事实或提出疑问，常常用于陈述句、疑问句和感叹句。,I took a shower after supper.What does this sentence try to tell us?,祈使语气主要用于祈使句，由说话者向对方下达命令、提出要求、劝告等。,Try your best
2、 next time!Let the girl stay away from the fire!,3,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用于表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是想像、假设建议、打算、愿望等。,If we had met her last night,we would have told her what had happened.If I were you,I would leave the city quickly.,虚拟语气最常见的表达形式就是采用“if”引导的非真实性条件状语从句，主句以及从句明显同过去、现在或将来已经发生的事或将要发生的事实相反。,2023/2/10,条件句表示
3、主句的条件,分真实条件句 和虚拟条件句 两种。,a.真实条件句 表示条件是真的或有可能实现的,采用陈述语气。b.虚拟条件句 表示条件是无法实现或几乎无法实现的,采用虚拟语气。,真实条件句,真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。句型：条件从句 主句 一般现在时 shall/will+动词原形If he comes,he will bring his violin.,注意：在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall,will.(错)If you leave now,you are never going to regret it.(对)
4、If you leave now,you will never regret it.,文库专用,7,典型例题：The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A.will rain B.rains C.rained D.is rained,答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。,if引导的虚拟条件句,虚拟语气在（非真实）条件句中的用法。,1.表示跟现在事实相反,If my brother were here,everything would be all right.,要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没有问题了。,If he had time,he
5、 would(could,might)go with you.,如果他有时间，他就会（可能）和你去。,If I were you,I should(would,could,might)tell him the truth.,要是我是你，我就会对他说实话。,从句：动词过去式（did/were）主句：would/could/might/should+动词原形（do）注：should只用于主句的主语是第一人称时,文库专用,10,注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。If I were you,I would go to look f
6、or him.如果我是你，就会去找他。If he were here,everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。,2.与过去事实相反,从句:过去完成时（had done）主句:would/could/might/should+have done 注：should只用于主句的主语是第一人称时,如果你仔细一点，这个错误是可以避免的。,If you had been more careful,the mistake might have been avoided.,昨晚如果有时间，我就会来看你的。,If I had had time last night
7、,I should/would have come to see you.,假如我的表不停，我就会准时的。,If my watch had not stopped,I should have been on time.,3.与将来事实相反,从句:三种情况都可以 动词过去式 were to do should do 主句:would/could/might/should+do 注：should只用于主句的主语是第一人称时,假如他来了，我们对他说什么呢？,If he were to come,what should we say to him?,假如他看见我，就会认识我。,If he should
8、 see me,he would know me.,假如我们爬上山顶，我们能有一个好的视野吗？,If we climbed to the top of the mountain,should we get a good view?,a.If they _(be)here,they _(take)your advice.b.If the world war _(burst)out again,what _(happen)to our people on earth?,were,would take,burst,would happen,PRACTICE 1:Fill in the blanks.
9、,c.If the policeman _(be not)in that room,it _(be)very dangerous.d.If I _(be)in your position,I _(ask)for teachers help.,were not,could be,were,would ask,a.If Tom _(be)more careful in the exam,he _(pass)it already.b.If you _(get)up earlier,you _(catch)the first train.,had been,would have passed,had
10、got,would have caught,PRACTICE 2:Fill in the blanks,c.If I _(meet)you yesterday,we _(go)to the concert together.,had met,would have gone,a.If there _(be)no natural resource any more,we _(make)use of nuclear power.b.What _(happen)if you _(get up)too late tomorrow?,should be,should make,would happen,s
11、hould get up,PRACTICE 3:Fill in the blanks,c.If Robots _(control)the world some day,there _(be)no friendship.,were to control,would be,文库专用,16,4、虚拟条件句的倒装：虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were,should,或had,可将if省略，再把were,should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。,文库专用,17,Were they here now,they could help us.=If they were here now,they cou
12、ld help us.Had you come earlier,you would have met him.=If you had come earlier,you would have met him.Should it rain,the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain,the crops would be saved.=If it should rain,the crops would be saved.=If it were to rain,the crops would be saved.,文库专用,18,典型例题：_ to do the
13、work,I should do it some other day.A.If were I B.I wereC.Were I D.Was I,答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前,变成 were,should,had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do.,而不能说 Werent I to do.,_ for my illness,I would have lent him a helping hand.A.Not being B.Had
14、 it not been C.Without being D.Not having been,B,表示“要不是”Had提前，倒装,1._he come,the problem would be settled.A would.B should.C shall.D if.2._fired,your health care and other benefits would not be immediately cut off.A would you be.B should you be.C could you be.D might you be.,exercises,文库专用,21,5、混合条件句
15、：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If you had asked him yesterday,you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night(过去),it would be very cold today(现在).,If you had listened to the teacher carefully in class,you would know what to do now.（过去现在）If I were
16、 you,I wouldnt have missed the film last night.(现在 过去)If they had left home in the early morning,they would arrive in half an hour.(过去将来)If Mary should arrive today,she must have started three days ago.(将来过去),practice,If you had worked hard yesterday,you would be tired now.,1.If the flower had been
17、watered,it _ now.A.wouldnt die B.is dead C.had been dead D.will not die2.If his television set had not been stolen yesterday,he _ TV now.A.would watch B.would have watched C.would be watching D.is watching,混合虚拟语气:汉译英,1.如果他早点出发，他现在已到家了。,If he had set out earlier,he would be home now.,2.假如我当初努力学习，我现在就
18、上大学了。,If I had worked hard,I would be in university now.,3.假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好的多。,You would be much better now if you had taken/followed my advice.,条件句中的虚拟语气,had done,would/could/should/might+have done,过去时/be 动词一律（were）,would/could/should/might+V(原),1.过去时/were2.should do3.were to do,would/could/should
19、/might+V(原),1.（2010高考英语陕西卷）If we _ the other road,we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.A.take B.had taken C.took D.have taken,高考链接,【答案】B【解析】做虚拟语气中条件状语从句的谓语，根据主句的谓语动词形式might have arrived可知题干是与过去事实相反,故所填部分用had+过去分词形,2.（2010高考英语天津卷）John went to the hospital alone.If he me about it,I would
20、 have gone with him.A.should tell B.tells C.told D.had told,【答案】D 句意为“约翰自己去医院了。如果他告诉我这件事情，我就会和他一起去去医院。根据句意可知主从句都是对过去发生事实的一种意愿表达，采用虚拟语气，所以从句采用have done的结构，故选D。,3.(2010高考英语湖南卷）If he my advice,he wouldnt have lost his job.A.followed B.should follow C.had followed D.would follow,【答案】C【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据“would
21、nt have lost”可判断if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟，故选C项。,4.(2010高考英语北京卷）-The weather has been very hot and dry.-Yes.If it had rained even a drop,things would be much better now!And my vegetables.A.wouldnt die B.didnt die C.hadnt died D.wouldnt have died,【答案】D 句意为：“天气是又热又干燥。”“是的。如果下雨就算是一滴的话，现在也许就会好很多！我的蔬菜也就不会干死了。
22、”由句意可知此处是一种虚拟，表示与过去事实相反的假设，故主句用would/could/might/should+have done，,5.（2010高考英语浙江卷）Had I known about this computer program,a huge amount of time and energy.Awould have been saved Bhad been saved Cwill be saved Dwas saved,【答案】A 根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气，原形是：If I had known about this computer program,a
23、huge amount of time and energy.故选择A。句意为：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。,虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：,1.条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而定。,If you _ the teachers advice,you _(be)in the hospital now.,had followed,wouldnt be,2.倒装:条件从句中有should,were,had三个助动词可以把if省略,并将这三个词提至句首。,If I were you,I wou
24、ld not do it.If I were to meet him tomorrow,I should ask him about it.If I had time,I would go.,=Were I you,=Were I to meet him tomorrow,=Had I time,6.含蓄条件句,在虚拟语气中，有的句子可能没有明显的由“if”引导的条件从句，但是句子中隐含着一个条件，这种句子称为含蓄条件句，通常有以下两种来表达。,1,介词或介词短语。常见的可以引导虚拟语气的介词有：with,without,in the absence ofunder,but for,for t
25、he fear of等。,In the absence of sunlight,there would be no moonlight.Under a better condition,we would have done much better.,含蓄条件句 有时不用if引导条件从句，而用介词短语（without,otherwise,but for,)例如：Without air，there would be no wind or clouds没有空气就不会有风，也不会有云。In that case，we could have done the work better如果那样的话，我们本可能
26、把工作做得更好些的。But for the storm，we should have arrived earlier要是没有碰上暴雨，我们还会早一点到的。,2,连接词。常见的用来连接虚拟语气的连接词有：and，but，but that，or，otherwise等,Tell me the truth,and you wouldnt have to fear.,But that I saw it with my eyes,I could not have believed it.,I lost your address,otherwise Iyou long before.A.had visite
27、d B.have visited C.would have visited D.should visit,practice,含蓄条件句,1.Without electricity,human life _ quite different today.A.is B.will be C.would have been D.would be 2.Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion.Otherwise,she _ something she would regret later.A.had said B.said C.might say D.m
28、ight have said,Without electricity=If there were no electricity,1.Had you listened to the doctor,you _ all right now.A.are B.were C.would be D.would have been2._ any change about the date,please tell me immediately.A.Will there be B.Should there be C.There will be D.There should be,Practise,3.If you
29、 _tomorrow,you _find the new manager working in the office.,A.should come;would B.would come;wouldC.will come;should D.comes;might,A,4.If the parents _at the hospital earlier after the accident,the child would have been saved.,A.arrives B.arrive C.had arrived D.has arrived,C,5.I didnt see your siste
30、r at the meeting.If she _,she would have met my brother.,A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come,D,6.If my lawyer _here last Sunday,he _ me from going.,A.had been;would have preventedB.had been;would preventC.were;would prevent D.were;would have prevented,A,7.If he _he _that food.,Luckily he was sen
31、t to the hospital immediately.,A.was warned;would not have takenB.had been warned;would not have takenC.would be warned;had not takenD.would have been warned;had not taken,B,8.If you had told me in advance,I _him at the airport.,A.would meet B.would had meetC.would have met D.would have meet,C,9.If
32、there were nor subjunctive mood,English _much easier.,A.Will be B.would have been C.could have been D.would be,D,10._the exam,he would have attend a college.,A.If he passed B.Had he passedC.Were he passed D.If he should pass,B,11._five minutes earlier,you could have seen them off.,A.If you should ar
33、rive B.If you arriveC.Had you arrived D.Should you arrive,C,12._it rain tomorrow,we should have to put off the visit to the Science Museum.,A.Were B.should C.would D.will,B,13._ today,he would get there by Friday.A.Would he leave B.Was he leaving C.Were he to leave D.If he leave14.Should it rain,the
34、 crops _.A.would be saved B.would have been saved C.will be saved D.had been saved,15.You _ come earlier.The bus left a moment ago.A.would B.should have C.may D.have 16.What should we do if it _ tomorrow?A.should snow B.would snow C.snow D.will snow,Exercises:,I _ you a more valuable present if I _
35、enough money.,A.must have bought,had B.would have bought,had had C.had bought,had had D.could have bought,had,B,2).If he _ come,the problem would be settled.,A.would B.should C.shall D.will,B,3).He _ the job well,but he _ so careless.,A.hadnt done,had been B.could have done,was C.could do,was D.had
36、done,had been,B,4).What would you do if the war _?,A.would break out B.were to break out C.will break out D.breaks out,B,5).Their maths teacher died of cancer last term,otherwise,he _ now.,A.should still work B.will still work C.would still be working D.would still have worked,C,5.If my father _here
37、 now,he _tell me what to do.A.were,would B were,will C is,would D is,will6.If I _ a bee,I _work much harder.A were,would B were,shall C had,will D have,should7.If I _ much money,I _buy a house.A have,will B had,should C had,will D have,should8.He _ learn more quickly if he _harder.A will,work B woul
38、d,worked C would,work D will,worked9.If I _ you,I _ do that.A was,wouldnt B were,wouldnt C am,wont D were,wont,A,A,B,B,B,10.If you _ the doctors advice,you would have recognized already.A.followed B would follow C follow D had followed11.If my lawyer _ here last Saturday,he _me from going.A had been
39、,would have prevented B had been,would prevent C were,would prevent D were,would have prevented12.I _ if she _ me.A would have overslept,didnt call B would have overslept,hadnt called C overslept,hadnt called D would overslept,didnt call,D,A,B,13.-If he _,he _that food.-Luckily he was sent to the ho
40、spital immediately.A was warned,would not take B had been warned,would not have taken C would be warned,had not taken D would have been warned,had not taken14.She _ to the party if she _ invited.A would have gone,had been B would go,was C would have gone,was D has gone,B,A,()15.Its probable that it
41、wont rain tomorrow.But if it _,I would still go to the park.A should rain B would rain C rains D had rained()16.I dont think that I shall fail.But if I _,I would try again.A should fail B would fail C failed D had failed()17._ tomorrow,what should we do?A If it rains B.Should it rain C.Would it rain
42、 D.Were it raining,A,A,B,homework,汉译英,1.如果你早来5分钟，你就赶上这趟车了。2.如果我现在不忙，我就来帮你了。3.如果明天下雪了，我们怎么办？4)要不是明天有测验我今天晚上就去听音乐会。假如我当时知道她的电话号码，我就会给她打了电话。假如他早点起身的话，他本来能赶上那趟火车。,7.假如我很富有，我就会周游世界。8.假如我是一只鸟儿,我就会在空中自由飞翔。9.如果她嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。10.假如我要出国，我就会去美国。11.如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。12.假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。13.假如我是你，我当时就不会打破那杯子。1
43、4.没有你的帮助，我们就不会实验成功。15.要不是这场雨，我们就完成工作了。,1.如果你早来5分钟，你就赶上这趟车了。,If you _ here five minutes earlier，you _ the bus.,2.如果我现在不忙，我就来帮你了。,If I _ not busy,I _ you now.,3.如果明天下雪了，我们怎么办？,What _ we do if it _tomorrow?,had got,were,would help,should,were to snow,Would have caught,homework,4)要不是明天有测验我今天晚上就去听音乐会。,If
44、 I were not to have a test,I would go to the concert tonight.,If I had known her telephone number,I would have called her.,5)假如我当时知道她的电话号码，我就会给她打了电话。,6.假如他早点起身的话，他本来能赶上那趟火车。,If he had got up earlier,he could have caught the train.,If I were rich enough,I would travel around the world.,If I were a bi
45、rd,I could fly freely in the sky.,If she were to marry Jack,she would be happy.,7.假如我很富有，我就会周游世界。,8.假如我是一只鸟儿,我就会在空中自由飞翔。,9.如果她嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。,10.假如我要出国，我就会去美国。,If I should go abroad,I would go to America.,11.如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice 12.假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。If I had spoken to him yesterday,I should know what to do now.13.假如我是你，我当时就不会打破那杯子。If I were you,I would not have broken the glass.,14.没有你的帮助，我们就不会实验成功。Without your help,we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.15.要不是这场雨，我们就完成工作了。But for the rain,we would have finished the work.,
