管理学外文翻译企业失败的原因和症状.doc

上传人:文库蛋蛋多 文档编号:2317329 上传时间:2023-02-11 格式:DOC 页数:10 大小:62.50KB
返回 下载 相关 举报
管理学外文翻译企业失败的原因和症状.doc_第1页
第1页 / 共10页
管理学外文翻译企业失败的原因和症状.doc_第2页
第2页 / 共10页
管理学外文翻译企业失败的原因和症状.doc_第3页
第3页 / 共10页
管理学外文翻译企业失败的原因和症状.doc_第4页
第4页 / 共10页
管理学外文翻译企业失败的原因和症状.doc_第5页
第5页 / 共10页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述

《管理学外文翻译企业失败的原因和症状.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《管理学外文翻译企业失败的原因和症状.doc(10页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。

1、外文翻译:企业失败的原因和症状原文来源:Jaroslaw Ropega ,Published online: 20 July 2011 ,International Atlantic Economic Society 2011 译文正文:摘要在分析企业失败的原因以及过程的时候,我们可以看到一种模式,即管理层没有及时注意到危机局势,造成应对措施的延误或失败,最终导致公司倒闭。公司发展的临界值出现于公司成长和发展的过程中,同时往往与危机相互关联。在许多情况下,未来危机的症状先于危机出现。所以企业家对这些症状及时进行分析和理解,可能有助于降低中小企业部门发生危机以及经营失败的概率。【关键词】中小企业

2、生意失败失败的原因失败的症状绪论事实表明大约只有50的小型企业在初步建立(Watson 2003)前3年之后仍然持续贸易。虽然经营失败发生于各种规模的企业,但是小企业面临更大的威胁,因为他们根本就没有额外的资金,也不像规模较大的公司那样通常会有自己的资源支持,原因是他们从银行业金融机构的融资能力极差。经营失败并不总是由于公司自身的业务问题,也可能发生的连锁效应,受到其他相关企业的商业活动的影响,例如,供应商和客户。因此,重要的是在问题没有发展到难以解决之前,意识到到经营失败的早期迹象。企业家制定和执行公司的政策,它涵盖有战略和投资,营销和销售,财务和人力资源等方面。企业家/经理缺乏进取心或者相

3、关领域的管理技能和个人技能,会带来一些意想不到但可能会降低公司生存机会的问题。生意失败的定义正如许多学者所指出的,文献中并不存在生意失败了明确的定义(Sharma 和 Mahajan 1980)。对于组织的失败是什么,它如何发生,其后果并没有明确的共识(Cameron等1988;Weitzel 和 Jonsson 1989),更不用说学科之间单独协议。已用于文献中一些定义包括:组织死亡,退出或死亡(Swaminathan 1996),组织崩溃(Argenti 1976),Laitinen(莱蒂宁1991),下降(howdhury 和 Lang 1993)。我们可以在文献中找到失败的两个极端定义

4、:因任何理由终止业务或以正式破产程序而终止业务。(Watson 2003)这两个极端之间,还有一些进一步的定义,例如,终止业务以防止更多的损失(Ulmer和Nielsen 1947),以及未能走出亏损(Cochran 1981)。应当指出,由研究人员使用的失败定义一般取决于可用的数据的性质。为了更好地理解失败的根源,并为今后的预防,重要的是理解企业为什么失败和如何失败,因为企业的失败是不是一个突然的事件,而是一个动态的过程。失败是一个过程研究的过程中失败非常重要的两个原因(Crutzen和Van Caillie 007):(1)试着去了解和达到失败的根源,因为只有纠正措施才能够解决危机的根本和

5、真正导致公司倒闭的原因,从而防止危机再生;(2)失败过程显示了种种重要的因素(原因,后果,症状)是如何组成的。最早的被人知晓的失败过程是被Argenti(1976)揭露的。他用三个不同的失败轨迹描述了非金融破产的原因和他的财务影响之间的关系。在各自的发展轨迹,有不同的序列的事件,每一个不同的组合来描述原因和症状的给定轨迹的特点。后续的研究人员发现提出了分类,类似Argenti轨迹,通过增加类型或扩大现有分类为更详细的说明原因和症状。(Ooghe和De Prijcker 2006,Richardson等人1994)。根据上面介绍的作者作品的分析,我们可以区分五个有关小型和中小型企业的失败轨迹的一

6、般类型:一个不成功的开始:由于建立公司时出现管理错误,导致一个初创公司没有生存的机会,这是一种典型失败过程,导致不恰当的管理控制机制和公司运行效率低下。公司的政策错误是管理层管理不当导致的可见结果的错误。在一个很短的时间里,公司尚存的主要问题以及衰落最有可能出现公司成立后不久。一个耀眼的成长型公司:这家公司的领导人最初的缺点是对于公司的第一场胜利的反应,管理者因胜利而变得眼花缭乱和盲目危险的乐观。导致资本支出和财务杠杆同时增加;管理和组织结构几乎保持不变,公司下降的问题和隐患被忽略。这导致失去控制和无法意识到可能影响商业活动有效性的问题。从长远的角度看,这种情况导致良好的财务状况的损失,消极信

7、号忽略或是被解释为外在因素的作用。一个麻木的公司:公司或多或少的有几年的成功经历,但管理者缺乏激励和承诺是这些公司的典型问题。企业家依然保持在从前获得成功的促进策略,但在目前并不适用。由于麻木,他们没有意识到环境的渐变和导致其损失战略优势。这将一直持续,直到一个严重的扰乱公司的资本结构的干扰发生。由于企业过于刚性以及管理者缺乏相应的承诺,即使是尝试重组也并不会带来改善。一个雄心勃勃的成长型公司:企业家管理或领导一个雄心勃勃的成长型企业,目标在于使他们的组织在同行业中的脱颖而出。这些公司有一个高风险的倾向,其中有些也过于乐观。他们不重视长远的计划,最初的缺点是在缺乏经验和管理能力的情况下,过于高

8、估公司产品的需求量。这种情况的结果,是没有有足够的销售来支付开支,并有大量的产能过剩,意味着失去流动性和偿付能力下降。过度内部消费的公司:在这样的公司,雇主使用公司资源来表明他的财富,以实现他个人的想法,并通过外部标识来改善他的社会地位。他的短期需求往往凌驾于该公司需要之上,经常使用创造性会计隐藏他的欺骗行为。这种情况下,公司的金融崩溃的症状出现得很晚。通过分析失败的来源和过程,可以得出有一定的模式是明显可见的。就是管理者没有及时注意到严峻的局面,导致行动延迟或无法进行修复行动,最终以公司的倒闭作为结束。有这样一个要注意的事实,在当今,时代的不安全因素、风险以及危机已经变成组织的运作的内在元素

9、。中小企业失败的原因本文的题目给出了两个类似的条件:企业失败(危机)的症状和原因。原因是指直接或间接地引发的现象的一个因素。而症状是消极现象、未来或已经存在的危机的标志(2005 Korol和Prusak)。在理论和实践,它往往是很难区分的。有些作者不区分症状和原因,也不区分那些但可能导致小企业的清算的偶然外部事件(1995 Jennings 和Beaver )。来自于环境或组织自身的失败因素,并不是只有一个,因素之间也不是完全相互独立的。他们被视为在环境发生变化响应背景下,多方面因素之间的综合的结果。中小企业中最重要的似乎是企业和以及企业所有者之间的关系,即是指公司各领域之间的相互影响,特别

10、是在发展的初期阶段。 argenti(1976)将其定义为内在缺陷因素。Jennings和Beaver(1995)提出了类似的观点。他们研究了许多小企业失败关键,因为他们往往侧重于症状或失败原因,而不是失败的根源。Jennings和Beaver认为有三个层次的原因,首先,有内在的规模小或一般性问题,其次是在大多数情况下,关键原因是公司对唯一所有者经理的依赖。也有失败的根本原因,可以发现个别公司,比如缺乏资金或管理不善。此外,有症状的问题或失败总是混淆多种原因的。一些症状经营者不能无法识别,因其缺乏专业知识或正确的信息。在文章中,企业家被认为是小企业经营失败的关键因素。首先,管理者的管理激励、技

11、能和能力影响商业的管理机制。在美国小企业破产的原因研究证实了这一论断(2000 Bradley和Moore)。他们发现,这两个最常见的小企业失败的原因是:(1)管理者技能不足或不佳的业务知识(2)资本金不足,研究显示主要是由于缺乏规划和对投资资金回报率的过度乐观。笔者在波兰进行的研究也表明了类似的的原因。在内部组织背景下,已确定在以下几个方面:管理质量和经营者的特点或态度,金融领域,营销和分销领域,人力资源领域,以及技术和创新领域。现有文献已经对每个指定的区域的失败因素有了基础的区分。从分析研究导致失败的原因,很明显我们必须重视的一个重要的因素的存在经营者自身的因素。其错误可能是由于缺乏管理知

12、识(11.4),这可能会导致公司缺乏战略(11.0)和缺乏为企业的竞争地位负责的重要性的认知,如创新和知识管理(10.5和10.3)。另一组已分析了的原因是企业融资,占主导地位的因素是过多的债务(33.5)和不合理的资金管理(33.0)。在企业的生命周期的早期,过低的初始资本的也是一个重要原因(16.3),使企业不适合于非常大的投资。营销和分销领域也是塑造公司在市场上的地位的重要因素。在这方面的基本错误是对于市场需求不采取适当的优惠(21.6)。原因往往综合了缺乏价格政策和不适当的价格政策(20.4)。企业家以及人力资源作为一个对公司有重大影响的因素,是不易被取代的。然而,那些已经注意到这项因

13、素的企业家发现员工缺乏积极性和管理错误之间的关系(39.4)。作为后续波动的结果,它似乎可能会造成企业缺乏合格的工作人员(37.9)。不得已地引入新的解决方案(35.3)、老技术(33.4)可能引起问题和在生产或服务过程中延误。从环境衍生的失败的因素可分为两个方面:一般环境和最密切的环境。一般环境下,即宏观环境,例如政府决策或是世界和国家的经济情况,往往对企业家和公司有一定影响,甚至是与企业关系密切的合伙人的周边环境也会受到影响。根据作者开展的研究,全球金融危机(2007-2009)无疑造成了全世界范围内恶劣的经济形势的迹象(22.2%),是中小企业经营失败的一个最主要的因素。其它原因还包括:

14、不合理的政府决策(21.5%)和公司区位属于欠发达地区(20.4%)。在模型中,企业的密切环境形成了另一组原因。一个企业不断地与客户、供应商、竞争对手、银行、和股东相互作用。一个企业和其密切环境的相互作用决定了它的发展是积极还是消极的。对密切的环境的分析表明,显示小企业倒闭的主要潜在原因是,持续时间过长的公共资金审计程序(12.6),财政支持不足(12.3),缺乏高素质的员工队伍(11.4),和不到位的公共补助(10.4)。经营失败的症状另外一点,我们要研究并识别经营失败过程中表现出的现象。这些原因能够预测未来的现象,它们不仅能分析导致失败的原因,而且可以寻找防止破产的方法。在失败症状的分类中

15、,财务和非财务的症状能够观察到大体趋势。公司财务状况恶化的主要症状是:销售利润减少,流动性降低(Ooghe 和De Prijcker 2006, Koksal & Arditi 2004, Korol 和 Prusak 2005; Bednarski 2001; Argenti 1976; Sharma和 Mahajan 1980),市场占有率降低(Crutzen 和Van Caillie 2007; Zelek 2003),运营成本的增加(Ooghe 和 De Prijcker 2006, Koksal & Arditi 2004),高资产负债率(Koksal & Arditi 2004,

16、Korol and Prusak 2005; Argenti 1976),和大量的产能过剩(Ooghe 和 De Prijcker 2006; Zelek 2003; Bednarski 2001)。笔者的研究证实了财务症状在预测经营失败时的重要性。现金不足在是影响公司持续经营的主导因素。这里要强调的是过去的错误所导致的销售额和利润的下降不能通过增加成本弥补。超过40%的症状反映了这一事实。许多研究报告都将销售损失作为公司衰退最具代表性的症状。然而,这也并不意味着企业负责人会将它作为重要的症状,一些公司怀疑它是引起了财务状况进一步恶化的原因,另一些公司则忽略了它。财务症状自然是比较容易捕捉的,

17、而非财务状况的识别就要难得多。在文献中,将以下迹象作为非财务症状:经营范围(Bednarski 2001),组织和行为的范围(Zelek and Gwarek 2000)。通过笔者的研究,小企业的主要非财务症状是:缺乏内部控制(24.2%),业主的决策缺乏商业计划(21.7%),对合作伙伴的不信任(25.3%),市场分配有问题(23.1%),生产效率下降(20.6%),人力资源方面缺乏员工发展计划(20.4%),由于技术和革新造成的产品质量和服务的下降(34.5%)。结论从目前的状况来看,研究结果证明,导致失败的原因是多方面的,既有公司内部原因,也有外部原因。企业必须明确,一个或两个原因发生时

18、一般不会有明显的迹象的,所以可能是多个原因同时发生。受访者提到的原因在小型、中型、大型企业的研究中都可以发现。然而,有关经理人对这些原因的强烈支持,证实了针对小企业这些原因的重要性。当所有公司都被不断的分析之后,发现出现的症状是相似的。基本信号来自于财务,因为它是衡量的符号。不过,虽然财务的危机容易察觉,但组织或行为的迹象却难以确定。当公司的会计不用财务方法分析时,重要的非财务信息在反映小企业日益恶化的状况是就显得非常有用。另一方面,非财务症状分析是一种非常主观的方法,具有不确定性,但只要与基本的分析指标相互结合,如结合销售额和利润的下降或流动性的丧失可对主观因素进行纠正。这对于企业快速、巧妙

19、的识别危机,避免破产时非常重要的。今天的公司不仅应该发现并减少危机,而且应该提前预防它们。为了做到这一点,必须有方法确定哪些症状代表了公司经营状况的恶化。原文正文:The Reasons and Symptoms of Failure in SME Jaroslaw Ropega Published online: 20 July 2011 # International Atlantic Economic Society 2011 Abstract In analyzing the sources and processes of failure, one can see a certain

20、 pattern. Namely, management does not notice the critical situation in time, which due to delayed or incompetently carried out repair actions, ends in company collapse. Development thresholds are occurring in the process of the growth and development of the company. They are often tied with crisis i

21、n the company. Their occurrence is preceded with symptoms of future crises in many cases. The analysis and understanding of these symptoms by entrepreneurs may help reduce the number of crises in companies of the SME sector and unintentional economic failure. Keywords SMEs . Business failure . Reaso

22、ns of failure . Symptoms of failure Introduction It is a fact that only about 50 percent of small businesses are still trading after the first three years from initial set up (Watson 2003). Although business failure happens to businesses of all sizes, small businesses are exposed to bigger threats b

23、ecause they simply do not have the support of extra finance or resources that larger companies typically possess, and because of their extremely poor ability to source financing from banking institutions. Business failure does not always occur because of problems in ones own business, but can happen

24、 as a knock-on effect from actions made by other businesses, suppliers, and customers. Therefore, it is important to recognize the early signs of business failure before it is too late for the situation to be resolved. The company policy is prepared and implemented by the entrepreneur and it covers

25、aspects such as strategy and investment, marketing and sales, and finances and human resources. The lack of enterprising or managerial skills in any of these areas and personal skills of entrepreneurs/managers may lead to unexpected problems that will decrease the companys chances of survival. The D

26、efinition of Business Failure As noted by many authors, a clear definition of business failure does not exist in the literature (Sharma and Mahajan 1980). There is no clear consensus within disciplines as to what organizational failure is, how it occurs, and its consequences (Cameron et al. 1988; We

27、itzel and Jonsson 1989), let alone agreement between disciplines. Several terms have been used in the literatures: organization mortality, exit or death (Swaminathan 1996), organizational collapse (Argenti 1976), bankruptcy (Laitinen 1991), and decline (Chowdhury and Lang 1993). In the literature, w

28、e can find the extreme definitions of failure: the discontinuance of a business for any reason and formal bankruptcy proceedings (Watson 2003). Between these two extremes, there have been proposed further definitions, for example, termination to prevent further losses (Ulmer and Nielsen 1947), and f

29、ailure to make a go of it (Cochran 1981). It should be noted that the definition of failure used by researchers generally has depended on the nature of the data available. To better understand the origins of failure and for future prevention, it is important to understand why and how firms fail, as

30、business failure is not a sudden event, but a dynamic process. Failure as a Process The study of the process failures is important for two reasons (Crutzen and Van Caillie 2007): (1) to try to understand and reach the origins of failure, because only the corrective actions that address the fundament

31、al and true causes of the crisis could lead to regeneration and prevent collapse of the company, and (2) the failure of a process shows how important factors (causes, consequences, symptoms) are combined in time. The oldest and most well-known failure processes were developed by Argenti (1976). He d

32、escribes the relation between non-financial causes of bankruptcy and their financial effects within three different failure trajectories. In each of the trajectories, there are different sequences of events, each described by different combinations of causes and symptoms characteristic of a given tr

33、ajectory. Subsequent investigators have proposed their classification, similar to the Argenties trajectories by adding their own types, or expanding existing classifications for more detailed descriptions of the causes and symptoms (Ooghe and De Prijcker 2006, Richardson et al. 1994). Based on the a

34、nalysis of authors presented above, we can distinguish five general types of trajectories of failures relating to small and medium-sized enterprises: -An Unsuccessful Start-up: A typical failure process of start-ups in which companies have no chance of survival due to management errors committed in

35、the establishment of the business. Inappropriate management leads to insufficient control mechanisms and operational inefficiencies. Errors in the companys policy are the visible result of errors made by management. Within a short period, the company has major problems surviving, and the fall of the

36、 company most likely appears shortly after its foundation. A Dazzled Growth Company: The initial shortcoming of the leaders of this company is their reaction to the first successes of the company. Management becomes dazzled and dangerously overoptimistic. Capital expenditures increase together with

37、financial leverage. Issues and pitfalls that could take the company down are ignored and management and organizational structure remains almost unchanged. This leads to loss of control and an unawareness of possible problems that may affect the effectiveness of business. In the longer term, this sit

38、uation leads to the loss of good financial health and negative signals are ignored and interpreted as the effect of the external factors. An Apathetic Established Company: A company existing more or less successfully for several years. Lack of motivation and commitment of the companys leaders is typ

39、ical of these companies. Entrepreneurs keep promoting strategies that were successful in the past. Due to apathy, they are not aware of gradual changes in the environment and the losses of its strategic advantage. This continues until a serious disturbance in the capital structure of the company hap

40、pens. Attempts to restructure do not bring improvement due to the rigidity and lack of commitment of managers. An Ambitious Growth Company: The management or the entrepreneur leading an ambitious growth company has the objective of making their organization an important company in the industry. Thes

41、e companies have a high propensity for risk and some of them are also overly optimistic. They do not attach importance to long-term plans. Their initial shortcoming is the large overestimation of the demand for the companys products despite the inexperience and capabilities of management. This overe

42、stimation can be the consequence of over-optimism or misinformation about the market size or about the speed by which possible clients switch over from competitors. As a result of this situation, there are not enough sales to cover expenses and there is large overcapacity, which means the loss of li

43、quidity and solvency problems. Excessive Internal Consumption: In such companies, the owner shows off his/ her wealth using company resources to realize his/her personal ideas and to improve his/her social status through external signs. He/she values his/her short term needs over the needs of the co

44、mpany. He/she often uses creative accounting to hide his/her behavior and deception. Characteristically, the symptoms that preceded the financial collapse of the companies appear very late. Through analyzing the sources and process of failure, a certain pattern is noticeable. Namely, the management

45、does not notice a critical situation in time, which due to the delayed or incompetently carried out repair actions, ends in the companys collapse. One should pay attention to the fact that in todays times of insecurity and risk, crisis becomes an inherent element of the organizations functioning. Th

46、e Reasons of SME Failure The literature of the subject gives two similar terms: symptom and reason (cause) for business failure (crisis). Reason means a factor which directly or indirectly evokes a phenomenon. Symptom is the sign of negative phenomenon, coming, or already existing crisis (Korol and

47、Prusak 2005). In theory and practice, it is often difficult to differentiate symptoms from reasons. Some authors do not distinguish between symptoms and reasons, as well as occasional external events that may lead to the liquidation of small enterprises (Jennings and Beaver 1995). The reasons for fa

48、ilures cannot be treated as only one or a few separate factors entirely coming from the environment or from the inside of the organization.1 They have to be considered as relations between these areas, especially in the context of a response to changes taking place in the environment. The most impor

49、tant factor for small firms seems to be a very strong relationship between the company and its owner, which entails the consequences in all areas of the company, especially in the early stages of development. Argenti (1976) defines these factors as inherent defects. Jennings and Beaver (1995) present a similar view. They are critical of many studies of small business failure b

展开阅读全文
相关资源
猜你喜欢
相关搜索

当前位置:首页 > 建筑/施工/环境 > 项目建议


备案号:宁ICP备20000045号-2

经营许可证:宁B2-20210002

宁公网安备 64010402000987号