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1、GRE Argument终极提纲使用说明：这里是Argument全部242题的完整提纲。题号后面括号里的三项分别是：题目讨论的题材/结论的性质/主干论证过程。题目中带下划线的部分为题目背景信息；斜体部分为题目假设；无任何标记部分为一般论据；黑体部分为题目结论。题目中括号里的数字表明这句话体现的是提纲中第几号缺陷。题目后面的星星数量表示题目论证难度，星数越多题目越难。题目后面的数字为论证结构与之类似的其他题目题号，可以参考准备。提纲中具体缺陷后面括号里斜体缩写表示该缺陷所属的类型，缺陷后面的星号表示该缺陷在本题的严重程度，星数越多缺陷越严重。题目顺序以新东方写作教程第一章题库顺序为准。 51，（
2、医疗/建议/对比）The following appeared in a medical newsletter. Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of p
3、atients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by D
4、r. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills(3), although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced(1,2). Therefore, all patients(4) who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics(5) as p
5、art of their treatment. 1. The author does not inform us about the severity of injuries, physical conditions of the two groups of patients. (I.C) 2. There might be other differences between treatments offered by the two doctors.(I.C) 3. Sugar pills may cause negative effects on the healing of the se
6、cond group of patients. (I.T) 4. Not all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain will suffer from secondary infections. (C.S) 5. Not all patients with muscle strain are suitable to taking antibiotics. (feasibility of the conclusion) 53, （生命科学/科学假说/并列）Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a g
7、roup of 25 infants(1) who showed signs of mild distress(4) when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn(2), a time when their mothers p
8、roduction of melatonin(3)a hormone known to affect some brain functionswould naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these childrennow teenagerswho had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy(5). Clearly,
9、increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness(4) during infancy and this shyness continues into later life(6). 1. The sample of the mentioned study is too limited. (quantity of the sample) 2. No direct evidence is provided to show that it is the high levels of mothers production of Melato
10、nin that resulted in the distress showed by the infants studied. (confusing concurrence with causality) 3. The author fails to prove that increased levels of mothers production of Melatonin will directly affect their infants. (U.A) 4. The author simply equates mild distress with shyness. (U.C) 5. Di
11、fferent individuals may define the term shy in various ways. (definition of the term shy) 6. Many other genetic or environmental factors will cause shyness in those teenagers. (I.T) 203, （医疗卫生/论断/对比）The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of S
12、aluda, the average length of a patients stay is two days(2); at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days(1). Also, the cure rate(2) among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice(3) that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital
13、has more employees per patient(5) than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints(6) about service at the local hospital(4). Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals(8) is more economical(7) and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals. 1
14、. The time length of a patients stay is not a good indication of the quality of treatment in the hospital. (U.C) 2. Other factors might also explain the shorter length of patient stay and higher cure rate in the Saluda hospital. (I.C) 3. We do not know the severity of illness among patients in the S
15、aluda hospital and in Megaville hospital, thus cannot evaluate the cure rate in the two hospitals. (I.I) 4. More employees per patient and few complaints do not necessarily indicate that treatment in Saluda hospital is better than that in Megaville hospital. (U.C) 5. A higher employee-patient ratio
16、may just indicate organizational inefficiency at Saluda. (negative evidence) 6. Without the total number of patients going to each hospital, we cannot evaluate what percentage of their patients complained. (V.D) 7. The author fails to provide the actual expenditures of patients in the two hospitals,
17、 thus the assumption that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospital is more economical is unwarranted. (I.I) 8. The author hastily generalizes that treatment in other smaller, nonprofit hospitals will necessarily be more economical and of better quality than that in larger, for-profit hospitals. (C.S
18、) - 7, （政治经济，社会/提议/并列）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper. In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council(3), beca
19、use the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled(1), air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses(2). If we elect Ann Green, th
20、e environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved(4,5). 1481. The argument unfairly assumes that last years increase in the number of factories was due to the city councils decisionsrather than to some other phenomenonand that this increase poses environmental problems for Clearview. (N
21、CR) 2. The argument also assumes unfairly that last years increase in the number of patients reporting respiratory problems indicates worsening environmental problems in Clearview. (NCR) 3. The editorial provides no evidence to substantiate the assumption that Braun was a factor in the city councils
22、 decisions. (I.I) 4. The mere fact that Green is a member of the Good Earth Coalition hardly suffices to prove her willingness and ability to help solve Clearviews environmental problems. (I.E) 5. The author provides no firm evidence that electing Green is necessary to solve those problems, or that
23、electing Green would suffice. (necessity and sufficiency of the solution) 188, （医药卫生/建议/对比）A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications(3). When researchers administere
24、d the same dosage of kappa opioidsa painkillerto 28 men and 20 women(1) who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported(5) feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women(2). This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescrib
25、ed for women whenever pain medication is required(4), whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication(6). In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications(7) on men versus women.2001. The number of subjects might be insufficient to constitute a representative samp
26、le. (quantity of the sample) 2. Other differences between those men and women could also explain the difference between their feelings on pain. (I.C) 3. The effect of kappa opioids on pain feeling could not be hastily generalized to all other pain medications. (C.S) 4. The effect of kappa opioids on
27、 patients who have their wisdom teeth extracted could not be hastily generalized to all conditions where pain medication is required. (C.S) 5. The level of pain reported by the patients may not reflect their actual level of pain. (U.C) 6. Without more information concerning the thorough effect of ka
28、ppa opioids, and lacking comparison between the effectiveness of kappa opiods and other available pain medications, we cannot conclude that it is not suitable for all male patients merely based on the fact cited above. (adv:disadv/confusing comparison and variation) 7. Granted that pain medications
29、should be prescribed discriminatingly, the necessity of reevaluating the effects of all medications on men versus women is unwarranted. (C.S/necessity of the solution) 186, （生产，管理/预言/对比）The following is a recommendation from the director of personnel to the president of Professional Printing Company
30、. In a recent telephone survey(1) of automobile factory workers, older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity. Among workers aged 18 to 29, 27 percent said that they are more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor, compare
31、d to 12 percent for those aged 30 or over, and only 8 percent for those aged 50 or over(2). Clearly, if our printing company(3) hires mainly older employees(4), we will increase productivity and save money because of the reduced need for supervisors. 1. Since the survey is a telephone survey, the re
32、liability of its result is suspicious at many aspects, e.g. the size of the sample, who responded to the survey, if the respondents could exactly understand the questions, if the respondents were forthright when answering the questions, etc.(reliability of the survey) 2. The director fails to make a
33、ny comparison between the actual productivity of different groups of employees. (confusing comparison and variation/I.C) 3. The automobile industry may not be comparable with a printing company. (F.A) 4. The director fails to consider many negative effects of hiring mainly older employees. (adv:disa
34、dv) 169, （人事，学校建设/提议/类比）The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University. Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier(1) living in small towns when the
35、ir spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most(5) gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire(3) staff(5), we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member w
36、e hire(2,4,7,9). Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent(6) because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers(8). 1. The fact t
37、hat professors are happier living in small towns might be due to other factors, but not because they are living together with their spouses. (NCR) 2. The chairperson fails to consider the possible differences between Bronston College and Pierce University, thus merely copying Bronstons activity may
38、not be same effective at Pierce. (F.A) 3. The chairperson fails to point out what fraction of our faculty will be new members, thus the assumption that the morale of entire staff could be improved is open to doubt. (I.I/U.A) 4. The chairperson fails to consider many other relevant factors that may i
39、nfluence new professors decision. (I.T/sufficiency of the solution) 5. Even if the proposed actions are effective in attracting new professors, we cannot guarantee that the action will attract the most gifted teachers and researchers, and necessarily improving the morale of stuff. (sufficiency of th
40、e solution) 6. The chairperson does not analyze the cost of the proposed actions, hence we cannot evaluate if the new professors attracted by the action are worthy of the investment. (adv:disadv) 7. The chairperson fails to consider if the university has the capability of offering employment to the
41、spouse of every new faculty member. (feasibility of the conclusion) 8. The chairperson fails to illustrate that new gifted professors will not accept our offers if we do not offer such employment. (necessity of the solution) 9. The chairperson overlooks other better ways to achieve the same result.
42、(necessity of the solution) 241, （失业，就业/论断/对比）The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company. When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating resums and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefite
43、d greatly from Delanys services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not(1). Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less-expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Wals
44、h, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year(2,3,4,5). Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff(7) and larger number of branch offices(6). After all, last year(10) Delanys clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh
45、s clients took nine(8,9). 1. The author unfairly attributes the successful employment result of the laid-off employees who used Delany to Delanys assistance. (NCR) 2. The fact that only half of the laid-off workers found jobs within a year may not result from ineffectiveness of Walsh. (NCR/I.C) 3. M
46、any factors could explain the differences between the employment results of using each company. (I.C) 4. Without any comparative data, we cannot determine if the employment result of workers who use Walsh eight years ago are poor. (lack of comparison) 5. Many conditions would have changed during the
47、 past eight years. (PC) 6. The size of staff and number of branch offices do not necessarily indicate the quality and effectiveness of a companys service. (U.C) 7. A bigger staff may just indicate that the efficiency at Delany is lower. (negative evidence) 8. There is no significant difference between finding job within six months and within nine months. (I.E) 9. Without detailed description of jobs found by Delanys clients and Walshs clients respectively, and without more information about their clients, we cannot
