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1、2005年11月份托福阅读真题及答案Questions 1-10As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenthcentury, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as line fanners from
2、 within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs,vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was op
3、ened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of brin
4、ging handmade goods from outlying places towould-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example,were popular items.Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Althoughgovernmental a
5、ttempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops b
6、egan to appear inaddition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphias merchants generally prospered was because thesurrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not
7、 only did theycater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of thecourts of justice.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphias agriculture importance(B) Philadelphia
8、s development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets(B) the High Street Marke
9、t was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition(B) association(C) produce(D) region4. The word it in line 6 refers to(A) the crowded ci
10、ty(B) a radius(C) the High Street Market(D) the period5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) returned(B) started(C) declined(D) continued6. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says(B) as often as possible(C) a couple of times a
11、year(D) whenever the government allowed it7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philad
12、elphia(D) could easily be transported8. The word eradicate in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate(B) exploit(C) organize(D) operate9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that economic development was on the merchants side ?(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion
13、.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economicallysuccessful.10. The word undergoing in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) requesting(B) experiencing(C) repea
14、ting(D) includingQuestions 11-22Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learnedhow to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continueto look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.line When parrots incu
15、bate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the(5) nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the birds skin to the top portionof the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. Thistemperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching.
16、 Nest construction cancontribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirtare cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.(10) Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottomsections of the n
17、est so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As thewater that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and isheated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubationenvironment(15) In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists
18、remove eggs from the nests of parrotsand incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat theeggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the birds method of naturalincubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.When incubato
19、rs are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors(20) to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold aftereggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material toact as insulator against the cold bottom of the box.
20、If eggs rest against the woodenbottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point wherethe embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from(25) direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.Nesting mater
21、ial should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extremetemperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secureplace to rest.11. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) Nesting material varies according to theparrots environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor
22、 inincubating parrots eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the idealnest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots nests provide informationuseful for artificial incubation.12. The word They in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B)birds(C)eggs(D) rates13. According to paragraph 2, when thetemperature of th
23、e sides and bottom of the eggare cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance forsuccessful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg toa new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or d
24、irt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newlyhatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom ofthe nest(D) make the nest bigger15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidityin
25、the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of thenest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs16. All of the following are part of a parrotsincubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from thebottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the
26、 bottom ofthe nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the topof the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on theeggshell17. The word suspend in line 19 is closest inmeaning to(A) build(B) paint(C)hang(D) move18. The word fatal in line 25 is closest inmeaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) na
27、tural(D) hot19. The word secure in line 27 is closest inmeaning to(A) fiesh(B)diy(C)safe(D)warm20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather21
28、. Which of the following is a problem withcommercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changesof the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in thesame way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.22. Which of the foll
29、owing terms is defined in thepassage?(A) Aviculturists (line I)(B) Gradient (line 8)(C) Incubation (line 15)(D) Embryo (line 24)Questions 23-33The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particlesto large boulders. The most abundant particlessand, silt, and clayare the fo
30、cusof examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe theline composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.(5) To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size andweight. The weights of each si
31、ze are then expressed as a percentage of the sampleweight.In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod andsqueezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing(10) a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling
32、soil betweenthe palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample betweenthe thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded intoeach of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a generaltextural classification. The be
33、havior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the(15) amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened,behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refinedand durable the shapes into which it can be molded.Another method o
34、f determining soil texture involves the use of devices calledsediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered(20) through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles becomegrouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed
35、 to make atextural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles,they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately;therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the(25) basis of their settli
36、ng velocity when suspended in water .Since clays settle so slowly,they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off andevaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.23. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of high quality soil(B) Particles ty
37、pically found in most soils(C) How a high clay content affects thetexture of soil(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil24. The author mentions several representativehandrals in line 4 in order to show(A) the range of soil samples(B) the process by which soil is weighed(C) the requirements for an
38、adequate soilsample(D) how small soil particles are25. The phrase sorted out in line 5 is closest inmeaning to(A) mixed(B) replaced(C) carried(D) separated26. It can be inferred mat the names of the threebasic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect(A) the way the soil is extracted(B) the results of
39、 squeezing the soil(C) the need to check more than onehandful(D) the difficulty of forming differentshapes27. The word dampened in line 15 is closest inmeaning to(A) damaged(B) stretched(C) moistened(D) examined28. Which of the following can be inferred fromthe passage about a soil sample with littl
40、e orno clay in it?(A) It is not very heavy.(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.(C) Its shape is durable(D) Its texture cannot be classified29. The word they in line 23 refers to(A) categories(B) sieves(C) larger particles(D) clay particles30. It can be inferred from the passage that thesedimen
41、t sieve has an advantage over the handtest in determining soil texture because(A) using the sieve takes less time(B) the sieve can measure clay(C) less training is required to use the sieve(D) the sieve allows for a more exactmeasure31. During the procedure described in paragraph3, when clay particl
42、es are placed into waterthey(A) stick to the sides of the water container(B) take some time to sink to the bottom(C) separate into different sizes(D) dissolve quickly32. The word fine in line 24 is closest inmeaning to(A) tiny(B) many(C) excellent(D) various33. All of the following words are defined
43、 in thepassage EXCEPT(A) texture (line 3)(B) ribbon (line 11) (C) sediment sieves (line 19)(D) evaporated (line 27)Questions 34-43A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting informationby use of
44、 language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specializedline communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through(5) choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, bythe rhythm that is inherent within the language itself,
45、 and by speech rhythms that areflowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of theutterance. When speaking before a group, a persons tone may indicate unsureness orfright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and(10) feelings ove
46、r and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversantstone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack ofconcern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usuallydiscernible by the acute listener. Public performance i
47、s a manner of communicationthat is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or(15) gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, incombination with the performers skills, personality, and ability to create empathy willdetermine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a persons self-imag
