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1、学校代码：10254密 级：论文编号： 上 海 海 事 大 学SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY硕 士 学 位 论 文MASTER DISSERTATION论文题目： 关联理论视角下的小说会话翻译 学科专业： 外国语言学及应用语言学 作者姓名：指导教师：完成日期：Approach to Translation of Fictional Conversation from the Perspective of Relevance TheoryBy Fan ChunhongUnder the Supervision ofProfessor Qu ZongdeA Thesis
2、Submitted to the College of Foreign Languages ofShanghai Maritime Universityin Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the MA DegreeShanghai Maritime UniversityMay, 2009AcknowledgementsI would like to thank all the teachers and friends who have helped me to make this a better thesis than it would
3、 otherwise have been.First and foremost, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Qu Zongde, for his kind instruction, constructive suggestion and constant encouragement over my two-year study at Shanghai Maritime University. He generously spends his precious time in reading my paper and offe
4、rs me invaluable advice. His wide knowledge and respectable characteristics will have an impact on me perpetually. I extend my sincere gratitude to all the professors of the College of Foreign Languages College of Shanghai Maritime University for their wonderful lectures during my postgraduate study
5、, which have given me great enlightenment.My genuine thanks also go to my best friends and classmates who have helped me in one way or another. They have made my study at this university a valuable and unforgettable experience in my life.Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family for the
6、ir encouragement during my thesis writing. Without their support, my thesis would have been impossible.毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作 者 签 名：
7、日 期： 指导教师签名： 日期： 使用授权说明本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。作者签名： 日 期： 学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文
8、中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日指导教师评阅书指导教师评价：一、撰写（设计）过程1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、学生掌握专业知识
9、、技能的扎实程度 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 优 良 中 及格 不及格4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性 优 良 中 及格 不及格5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不
10、及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评价：一、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格
11、不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）评阅教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日教研室（或答辩小组）及教学系意见教研室（或答辩小组）评价：一、答辩过程1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实
12、际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格评定成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）教研室主任（或答辩小组组长）： （签名）年 月 日教学系意见：系主任： （签名）年 月 日摘 要小说是最为大众所喜爱的文学形式，其会话能够充分表现出丰富多彩的旨趣，全方位地刻画人物性格，描写现实生活状况乃至整个世界背景。小说会话是理解小说人物性格，把握小说主旨的关键，是小说欣赏的基础。本文从关联理论的角度对小说会话的翻译进行了探索性研究。翻译是个复杂过程。关联理
13、论对翻译现象有着极强的解释力。本文通过分析关联理论在翻译研究中的应用，试图用该理论解释小说会话翻译。根据关联理论，翻译是双重的明示推理过程，是寻找最大关联的交际过程，在这一过程中，译者同时扮演了读者和交际者两个角色，其目的就是使译文在译入语读者中产生足够的语境效果，即译入语读者能找到译文与之认知环境之间的最佳关联。关联理论是用来指导交际的最新理论，小说会话是书面交际，翻译是一种特殊的交际形式，因而，关联理论可以用来更好的指导交际或者是小说会话翻译。本文从关联理论出发，在对小说会话的特点和作用进行综合分析的基础上，以名利场中的会话为例，分别从语言和文化两个方面对小说会话含义的翻译进行探索研究，着
14、重探讨了译者在处理特殊语言、文体或文化现象时所采用的不同策略，研究关联理论对小说会话翻译实践的指导性。本文作者认为，翻译策略的选择主要取决于译者对译文读者的认知语境的正确评估，只要译文能恰当地传达小说会话含义，保留原文风格，在译文读者的认知语境中产生最大关联，减少其推理时所需努力，翻译时采用的方法及策略应不拘一格。第一章主要回顾了小说会话翻译的理论性研究成果以及关联理论的起源，发展和其主要理论观点。第二章陈述了小说的地位以及小说会话的特点和作用，从而引出小说会话翻译的重要性。第三章是理论依据部分，对关联理论进行了详细阐述，并指出用其解释小说会话翻译的可行性及意义。第四章是论文的核心，以名利场中
15、的会话翻译为研究案例，结合关联理论，从语言和文化方面进一步阐述翻译的变通灵活性。在结论部分，文章指出译者在小说会话翻译中应遵守关联理论，适应译文读者的认知语境，实现小说会话的特点和作用。关键词：小说会话； 关联理论； 认知语境； 最佳关联ABSTRACTFiction is the most popular literature among readers, and the conversation in it can reflect the colorful themes, give a multi-faceted description of the characters, real li
16、ves or even the whole world. The fictional conversation is the key to the traits of the characters and the themes. It is an indispensible aspect of fictional appreciation. This thesis makes an exploratory research on fictional conversations from the perspective of relevance theory.There have always
17、been controversies over translation theories. The relevance theory is in possession of the strong explanatory power for translation. By the application of relevance theory to translation, the thesis attempts to make an in-depth theoretical analysis of translation of fictional conversations. Accordin
18、g to relevance theory, translation is a process of ostensive-inferential communication in order to search for the optimal relevance, in which the translator works both as a communicator and a reader. The aim of translation is to help the target readers achieve sufficient context effects; that is, th
19、e target readers can find the optimal relevance in their cognitive environment. The relevance theory is a newly developed theory to explain communication. Fictional conversation is the written communication and translation is a special form of communication. Therefore, this theory is also the most s
20、uitable theory applied to directing the translation of fictional conversation.This paper makes the analysis and synthesis of the characteristics and functions of fictional conversations, and demonstrates the explanatory value of relevance theory for fictional conversations translation on the linguis
21、tic and cultural levels. It chooses the translation of the conversations in Vanity Fair as a case study to explore the varied translation strategies for the specific phenomenon of linguistics, style and culture. At the end of this thesis the author draws the conclusion that various translation strat
22、egies can be justified in their own right and it is the translators exact assessment of the target readers cognitive environment that decides the specific translation strategies. The target text should appropriately convey the conversational implicature, reproduce the original style and rationalize
23、the readers efforts at inference. The structure of this thesis is as follows:The first chapter focuses on the theoretical achievements in the translation of fictional conversations and the origin, development and the main theoretical points of the relevance theory.Chapter two introduces the status o
24、f the fiction in literature as well as characteristics and functions of the fictional conversation, and further demonstrates the importance of the translation of the fictional conversation. Chapter three is the theoretical basis of this thesis. It elaborates on the major concepts of relevance theory
25、, and points out the feasibility and the significance of the application of the relevance theory to the translation of the fictional conversation. Chapter four is the core of this thesis. It further expounds the flexibility of the methods of translation on linguistic and cultural levels under releva
26、nce theory, with Vanity Fair as a case study for the translation of fictional conversations.In the conclusion, the thesis insists that when translating the fictional conversation, the translator should follow the relevance theory and adjust the translation to the target readers cognitive environment
27、 in order to achieve the optimal contextual effect and realize functions of the fictional conversation.Key words: fictional conversation; relevance theory; cognitive environment; optimal relevanceContentsAcknowledgementsi摘 要iiABSTRACTivChapter One: Introduction11.1 An Overview of Relevance Theory11.
28、2 The Significance to Translation of Fictional Conversation3Chapter Two: Introduction to Fiction and Fictional Conversation52.1 An Introduction to Fiction52.1.1 Functions of Fiction52.1.1.1 Social Functions of Fiction52.1.1.2 Aesthetic Value of Fiction in Literature62.1.2 Features of Fiction62.2 An
29、Introduction to Fictional Conversation72.2.1 Definition of Fictional Conversation72.2.2 Characteristics of Fictional Conversation82.2.2.1 Differences between Fictional Conversation and Daily Conversation82.2.2.2 Stylistic Features of Fictional Conversation92.2.3 Functions of Fictional Conversation10
30、2.2.3.1 Revealing Personality of Characters112.2.3.2 Reflecting Characters Status and Relationships112.2.3.3 Developing the Plot122.2.3.4 Depicting Cultural and Geographic Environments12Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework of Relevance Theory and Translation143.1 Relevance and the Principles of Rele
31、vance143.1.1 The Definition of Relevance143.1.2 The Degree of Relevance153.1.3 Cognitive Principle of Relevance163.1.4 Communicative Principle of Relevance173.2 Ostensive-inferential Model193.3 Context223.3.1 Cognitive Environment223.3.2 Contextual Effects243.4 Relevance-theoretical Interpretation o
32、f Translation273.4.1 Translation as an Inter-lingual Communication273.4.2 Translation as an Ostensive-inference Communication293.4.3 Translation as an Intercultural Communication313.4.4 Basic Goal of Translation: Communicative Intention32Chapter Four: Application of Relevance Theory to the Translati
33、on of Fictional Conversation334.1 Pursuit of Optimal Relevance at Linguistic Level334.1.1 Phonological Level344.1.2 Lexical Level374.1.3 Semantic Level394.1.4 Syntactical Level434.1.5 Rhetorical Level464.2 Pursuit of Optimal Relevance at the Cultural Level484.2.1 Cultural Context494.2.2 Differences
34、and Similarities between Cultures504.2.3 Foreignization and Domestication of Cultural Items52Chapter Five: Conclusion56Bibliography57Chapter One: Introduction1.1 An Overview of Relevance TheoryPragmatics has developed rapidly in the last thirty years. Structuralism and semeiology have proposed a cod
35、e model for linguistic communication, which seems valid everywhere. The main concept of these theories is to consider communication as an encoding and decoding process between speakers and hearers. However, with the rapid development of linguistics, especially the upsurge of the pragmatics (the stud
36、y of the context-dependent aspects of utterance interpretation), it is found that languages express not only literal meanings but also other content which can not be interpreted from the language structures, such as indirect speech act, communicative intention and so on. In 1986, Sperber and Wilson
37、co-authored a book entitled Relevance: Communication and Cognition，which marked the beginning of relevance theory in the field of pragmatics. The main goal of this theory is to study the internal mechanism helping human beings communicate successfully with each other. Built on the base of Grices con
38、versational implicature, the theory focuses on the context. It holds that context is not the physical environment outside the language but the cognitive structure inside the communicators mind. It is dynamic and flexible in the process of communication, which challenges the traditional concept of co
39、ntext. It also puts forward detailed points concerning communication, such as relevance, relevance principle, ostensive-inferential process optional relevance, and cognitive environment.Relevance theory is a newly developed inferential approach in pragmatics which also possesses significant value to
40、 translation and the other linguistic fields. It tries to give an explicit account of how the information-processing faculties of our mind enable us to communicate with one another. From the point of inferential pragmatics, utterance comprehension is not merely a mechanical decoding process, but an
41、intellectual activity involving reasoning and inference. Utterances are not just signals arbitrarily linked to the messages they convey, but serve as pieces of evidence of the communicators intended meanings, with the aim to enable the hearer to infer this informative or communicative intention from
42、 these given evidences. For that reason utterance comprehension on the part of the hearers is not simply a matter of decoding process but involves inferential process. So, it is commonly acknowledged that sentence meaning is inferred on the bases of context. Utterance can be typified as being concre
43、te and context-sensitive and utterance understanding needs to take into account the time and place of utterance, the identity of the communicator, the communicators intentions and so on. Sperber and Wilson also explain the relevance theory from the perspective of the linguistic philosophy, cognitive
44、 psychology, communicative theory and others. Relevance theory is in connection with cognition and pragmatics and shifts the focus from the output of an utterance to the understanding of it. It points out that language communication is a process of cognition-inference and the utterance comprehension is a process of cognition. Thus, relevance theory could be used to help guide and explain the communication, especially the fictional conversation, since the fictional conversation i
