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1、附录1 英文文献翻译1. 英文1.1 INTROUCTION TO C#1.1.1 The Birth of C#As a recent birth in the programming language family# has two programming language parents+ and Java# contains many C+ features but also adds the object-oriented features from Java.C# contains many different components, including:l Versioning
2、support, so that your base and derived classes-templates that define how an object performsremain compatible as you develop them l Events, so that your program can notify clients of a class about something that has happened to an object l Type safety and verification that increases reliability and e
3、nsures code securityl Garbage collection, so that your program can identity objects that your program can no longer reachl Unsafe mode, where you can use pointers to manipulate memory outside the garbage collectors control, including methods and properties 1.1.2 Close Relations with C and C+C# is bu
4、ilt on the C+ language, so it behaves much like the language. Like C+, C# lets you write enterprise applications, and C# contains many C+ features, including statements and operators. C# also provides access to common Application Program Interface (API) styles including Component Object Model (COM)
5、and C-style APIs.1.1.3 SecurityComputer networks let programmers share Visual Studio.NET code including C# programs across the network .This collaborative effort lets you and your programming team create C# programs much more quickly than one person alone. The problem with collaborating over a netwo
6、rk is that unauthorized users from within or outside your network may try to gain access to your C# program code.Visual Studio.NET provides built-in security features so you or the leader of your programming team can determine who on your network gets access to your C# program code and resources. Yo
7、u can also set different levels of security for different people in case you want only certain people to have access to certain program code.1.1.4 IntegrationThe primary advantage of using Visual Studio.NET is that all of the programming languages have been designed to work together from the start.
8、When you write a new C# program, Visual Studio.NET gives you tools that you can use to program links from your C# program into another program written in another Visual Studio.NET language.For example, you can create a database in Visual FoxPro and then create a C# program that links into the Visual
9、 FoxPro database. If you have written or acquired completed programs in a Visual Studio language such as Visual C+ or Visual Basic, you can include links from your C# program into those programs. The end result is seamless integrated functionality between programs.1.1.5 Differences Between C# and C+
10、Microsoft includes Visual C+ and C# in Visual Studio .NET. On the surface# has few differences from Visual C+. When you look carefully and start programming, you will notice that C# differs in several important respects from Visual C+:l C# has an alternate method of accessing the C+ initialization l
11、ist when constructing the base class.l A class can inherit implementation from only one base class.l You can call overridden base class members from derived classes.l C# has a different syntax for declaring C# arrays.l There are differences in several different types including bool, struct, and dele
12、gate.l The Main method is declared differently.l Support of the new ref and out method parameters that are used instead of pointers for passing parameters by reference.l New statements including switch and finally.l New operators including is and typeof.l Different functionality for some operators a
13、nd for overloading operators.1.1.6 DLLsThe advent of Windows brought dynamic link libraries (DLLs) to programmers. DLLs are small, independent programs that contain executable routines that programs can use to produce a certain result in Windows. For example, if a program needs to open a file, you c
14、an write your C# program that uses the code in the DLL to open the file. Using DLLs frees up your time to work on your program without having to reprogram the same code in your C# program over and over again.You can access DLLs from your C# program, and create DLLs in C# for your C# for your C# prog
15、ram to refer to when necessary. C# has full COM/Platform support, so you can integrate C# code with any programming language that can produce COM DLLs such as Visual C+.1.1.7 XMLExtensible Markup Language (XML) is a more powerful version of Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), the standard Web page la
16、nguage. Visual Studio.NET and C# let you document your program using XML and then extract the XML code into a separate file.Visual Studio.NET supports XML so that you can integrate your C# programs with the World Wide Web. You can document your C# code using XML and then use XML for creating Web Ser
17、vices and Web controls that let you and your code interact with a Web site. For example, you may have an inventory system written in C# that interacts with the order-taking page on your companys Web Site.1.2 START VISUAL STUDIO.NETVisual Studio.NET contains a graphical programming environment called
18、 the Microsoft Development Environment (MDE). The MDE enables you to create programs in Visual C# and other Visual Studio.NET languages.When you start Visual Studo.Net, the MDE window appears with several windows within the MDE windows. In the largest area of the MDE window, which is called the pare
19、nt window, the Visual Studio Start page appears. The Start page lists any recent projects and provides two buttons so that you can open a project file or create a new project.The Start page lets you log into the Microsoft Developers Network (MSDN) Web site directly from the MDE, so you can receive t
20、he latest information from Microsoft about Visual Studio, get technical help from fellow Visual Studio users at Microsofts online forum, and search for information online.Visual Studio.NET also lets you create and change your profile so that can view windows, enter keyboard commands, and receive hel
21、p for the programming language in which you are working .For example , if you have used an older version of Visual Studio in the past and you prefer to use the old windows and keyboard commands, Visual Studio lets you use Visual Basic and C+ windows and menus.1.3 OPEN A NEW C# PROJECT After you star
22、t the MDE windows , you can open a new project .A project contains all the files related to your C# program. After you determine the type of C# program you want to write, Visual Studio creates all of the project files you need to start programming. Visual Studio contains programs. The MDE window let
23、s you create eight different projects so you can tailor your C# program to the needs of your program users. You can create three different application types, each with a different user interface. First, you can create a Windows application that has a graphical, form-based interface. You can create a
24、 console application with a characterbased interface. Finally, you can create a Web application that resides on a Web server and uses Web pages for its interface.You can create three types of programs that are not full-fledged but provide components that other programs can use. First ,you can create
25、 a class library program so you can provide class for other programs. Second, you can create a Windows control library for creating form controls such as buttons. Third, you can create a Web control library program that provides Web controls for your Web-based C# programs. When the Open Project wind
26、ow appears, it shows all the projects in the default project folder, My Projects. By clicking one of the icons on the left side of the Project Location window, you can choose the folder from which a project is opened.In the Project Location windows, you can also select any folder on your hard drive
27、by clicking the Down Arrow next to the Look in field and then selecting your drive. The folders on the selected drive appear in the window.1.4 EXPLORING THE C# INTERFACEWhen you start a new C# project, C# creates default classes that define and categorize the elements in your new program. For exampl
28、e, if you start a new program .For example, if you start a new Windows application that has objects. The Class View window lets you view all your classes and their related components so you knew exactly what is in your class code without having to search through the code.The Class View window gives
29、you a convenient way to see with which class an object in your program is associated without having to close or minimize your program code or form. The Class View window appears in the same space in the Microsoft Development Environment window as the Solution Explorer window.The class information ap
30、pears in a tree format that you can expand to view all classes associated with a particular program component, such as a form. If you have more than one program in a project, the Class View window tree lets you access classes for all the programs in the project.If you want to see classes that meet c
31、ertain criteria, you can sort classes in the tree alphabetically, by type for viewing related classes in your program, or by access.If the Class View window is not available as a tab at the bottom of the Solution Explorer window, you can access the Class View window from the menu bar.You can open th
32、e Class View window by clicking View and then Class View on the menu. You can also open the Class View window by pressing Ctrl+Shift+C. No matter if you access the Class View window using the menu or the keyboard, after you open the Class View window, it replaces the Solution Explorer in the upper-r
33、ight corner of the parent window.When you click a class, the properties for that class appear in the Properties window; the Properties window appears below the Class View window.If you do not have the Properties window open, you can right-click the class and then click Properties from the pop-up men
34、u. 1.5 VIEW THE CONTENTS WINDOWThe Microsoft Development Environment (MDE) window provides several different types of online Visual.NET documentation, including the Contents window. When you access the Contents window, the window appears in the same space as the Solution Explorer window. If you have
35、 used Windows online help before, then the Contents windows will be very familiar to you.As you expand the tree, specific topics appear, enabling you to select your topic from this list. Many help pages also contain links to other help pages, in case you need related information.The Filtered By drop
36、-down list at the top of the Contents window lets you filter the type of information displayed in the tree. If you want to view only C# information, the Contents window tree will display those groups and topics that pertain only to C#.With some topics, the Contents window may not be able to display
37、the full names of the topics. The MDE window provides two ways to scroll through the entire topic name so you can determine if that is a topic you want more information about.First, you can click the horizontal scrollbar at the bottom of the Contents window. This lets you view the entire window. Sec
38、ond, you can move the mouse pointer over the topic name will appear in a white box above the mouse pointer. The second option does not work if the name of the topic is too long.2. 中文2.1 C# 简介2.1.1 C#的诞生作为一个在编程语言家族中新发展出来的语言,C编程语言中，我们可以很容易的看到C+ +和Java语言的影子。C#包含了许多C + +的功能，而且也包含了面向对象语言如Java的一些特征。 C中也包含
39、许多不同组件，包括： Versioning support, so that your base and derived classes-templates that define how an object performsremain compatible as you develop them 版本支持，这样您己定义的模板的执行时所用到的基类和派生类，仍兼容你开发的程序。 Events, so that your program can notify clients of a class about something that has happened to an object 事件，
40、让您的程序可以通知一个类的对象，告诉它某些事件被触发。 Type safety and verification that increases reliability and ensures code security 安全的类型和验证，提高可靠性，并确保代码的安全性 。 Garbage collection, so that your program can identity objects that your program can no longer reach 垃圾自动收集，使您的程序不必再去查找垃圾对象。 Unsafe mode, where you can use pointers
41、 to manipulate memory outside the garbage collectors control, including methods and properties 不安全的模式，在这里您可以使用指针、方法和属性来操作内存外的垃圾收集器来控制内存。2.1.2 与C和C+的密切关系C是建立在C + +语言上的，所以它们的行为是非常类似的语言。像C+，C中，您可以编写企业应用程序并且C包含了许多C+功能，包括报表和操作系统。C# also provides access to common Application Program Interface (API) styles
42、 including Component Object Model (COM) and C-style APIs.C还提供了访问常用应用程序接口（API）API的风格，包括COM组件和API样式表。2.1.3 安全计算机网络让程序员共享Visual Studio.NET代码，包括C网络程序。通过这种方式的合作，让您和您的编程团队创C项目时速度远远超过一个人的效率。未经授权的用户The problem with collaborating over a network is that unauthorized users from within or outside your network m
43、ay try to gain access to your C# program code.通过网络与您合作时的问题是可能会从内部或外部尝试进入你C程序源代码。 Visual Studio.NET provides built-in security features so you or the leader of your programming team can determine who on your network gets access to your C# program code and resources. Visual Studio.NET则提供了内置的安全功能，这样你或者
44、是你编程团队的领导人就可以决定谁能在网络上获得进入你的C程序代码和资源的权力。You can also set different levels of security for different people in case you want only certain people to have access to certain program code.您还可以为不同的人设置不同程度的权限，你也可以实现让某些人获得特定的程序代码。 2.1.4 集成使用Visual Studio.NET时的主要优点是，在编程时所有语言都被设计为一个整体。When you write a new C# p
45、rogram, Visual Studio.NET gives you tools that you can use to program links from your C# program into another program written in another Visual Studio.NET language.当你写一个新的C程序时，Visual Studio.NET为您提供了工具，您可以将您写的C#语言程序链接到另一个Visual Studio.NET程序中。 For example, you can create a database in Visual FoxPro an
46、d then create a C# program that links into the Visual FoxPro database. 例如，您可以使用Visual FoxPro创建一个数据库，然后创建一个能够链接到Visual FoxPro数据库的C程序。If you have written or acquired completed programs in a Visual Studio language such as Visual C+ or Visual Basic, you can include links from your C# program into those
47、programs.如果你使用Visual Studio中的Visual C + +或Visual Basic语言完成了或计划完成这个项目，那么你可以在C程序中将这些链接集成到那些项目中。The end result is seamless integrated functionality between programs.最终的结果是程序之间的无缝集成的功能。 2.1.5 C# 与C+间的区别在Visual Studio.NET中，微软包括了Visual C + +和C。On the surface# has few differences from Visual C+. 从表面上看C和C+差
48、不多。When you look carefully and start programming, you will notice that C# differs in several important respects from Visual C+: 当你仔细观察，并开始编程时，你会发现， C和Visual C+有几个很多不同点： C# has an alternate method of accessing the C+ initialization list when constructing the base class. 当创建一个基类时，C有替代方法去访问C+初始化列表。 A c
49、lass can inherit implementation from only one base class. 一个类只能从一个基类中继承或实现。 You can call overridden base class members from derived classes. 你可以调用派生类成员重写基类。 C# has a different syntax for declaring C# arrays. C中有一个不同的语法来声明数组。 There are differences in several different types including bool, struct, and delegate. 有几个不同类型，包括布尔型、结构体，委托。 The Main method is
