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1、Switching Power Supply Development TrackDevelopment of switching power supply (Review Xuanlan) switching power supply (hereinafter referred to switch power) to replace the linear regulator power transistors (hereinafter referred to the linear power) has 30 years of history, is the earliest the serie
2、s switching power supply, its main Linear power supply topologies and similar, but the power transistor to switch to a later state PWM (PWM) control techniques have been developed for the control switch converters, by PWM switching power supply, it is characterized by using 20 kHz frequency or pulse
3、 PWM a PWM switching power supply efficiency is about 65 to 70 percent, while the efficiency of linear power only 30 of a 40 per cent. In the event of the worlds energy crisis, caused people to a wide range of customs. Linear power supply works in the frequency, the frequency used for the 20 kHZ the
4、 PWM switching power supply alternatives, could significantly conserve energy and power technology in the history of the development called 20 kHZ revolution. With ULSI chip size decreases, the size and power is much greater than the microprocessor; spacecraft, submarines, military power and switch
5、the batteries used portable electronic devices (such as mobile computers, mobile phones, etc.) need more small , Lightweight power. Hence the switch to power a small light requirements, including magnetic components and capacitors the size of small weight. In addition switching power supply requirem
6、ents to higher efficiency, better performance, reliability, and so on. Chinas switching power supply from Chinas history of the development process of switching power supply can understand the international development of a switching power supply side, although generally speaking, Chinas level of te
7、chnological development with the international advanced level in an average of 5 to 10 gap. 1970s, I join in black and white TV sets, small and medium-sized computer in the beginning of 5 V ,20-200A, 20kHZ AC-DC switching power supply. 1980s into mass production and extensive application stage and D
8、evelopment of 0.5 5 MHz quasi-resonant soft-switching power supply. In the 1980s, Chinas communications (such as the switch-Note) in the AC-DC power supply and DC-DC switching power supply in the area of application is still relatively low proportion of six. The end of the 1980s large-scale upgradin
9、g of Chinas communication power, the traditional ferromagnetic regulator - Rectifier and SCR (Thyristor, formerly known as SCR components) Phased power supply for high-power (48 V, 6kw) AC-DC Switching Power Supply (often referred to as communications systems switch Rectifier SMR) by substituting, a
10、nd started in the office automation equipment in the applications. Industrial applications, in the boiler flame control, protection, laser, color TV, the filament-emission current regulation, ion-injection machine, Luwu Deng control systems in both applications. The 1990s, Chinas also developed a nu
11、mber of new non-clearance for power, the typical examples are as follows: 1. Satellite switching power supply. The East is Red on the 3rd communication satellite, Fengyun 1, 2 meteorological satellite applications are the switching power supply. Features: Multi-output, non-maintenance, long-term req
12、uirements do not change the performance, set up redundant modules, high reliability, EMC meet the space environment conditions, high efficiency, small light. 2 long-range rocket control system for DC-DC switching power supply to launch the process of highly reliable. 3 1000kW traction converter 4500
13、 V/1200A GTO gated 250 W switching power supply. 4 40kW solid pulse laser soft switching power supply. 10 kw with four more resonant full bridge ZVS converters parallel. 5. Welder double-IGBT forward to the voltage conversion for a pulse modulation (ZVT-PWM) soft switching power supply. Output 20 kW
14、, 500A, switching frequency of 40 kHZ, the efficiency of 92%. Is characterized by frequent changes in the scope of the load, poor working environment. Impact on the current power demand, dynamic characteristics, and no overshoot, load affecting soft-switch nature. 6. Substation in the current operat
15、ing system switching power supply. For the protection and automatic devices and battery charging. Surge instead of SCR system, the output 10 A, 180 286V. Main switch IGBT or effective power MOSFET. 7. Single-phase and three-phase rectifier high power factor (with the number of active power correctio
16、n). One can see that 20 of 30, Chinas switching power supply applications and technical performance of great progress, and the family foundation is closely related to industry and enhance the national strength, and international advanced technology affecting the power switch. China fully demonstrate
17、d the power of talent and technical personnel of the entrepreneurial spirit of arduous struggle. In the 1990s, small and medium-sized (500 W below) AC-DC and DC-DC switching power supply is characterized by: high frequency of (switching frequency of 300-400 kHZ) to achieve high power density, a smal
18、l amount of light; to efficient and reliable; Low-cost, low output voltage ( 3 V; AC input with a few high-power, etc. In the next five years will continue along these directions. Main technical marks from a technical perspective, for several decades to promote switching power supply performance and
19、 constantly improve the technological level This should mark is: 1. A new high-frequency power semiconductor devices to achieve the development of high-frequency switching power supply may have. IGBT such as power MOSFET and has been fully replace the power transistor and SCR, so that small and medi
20、um-sized switch power下作Frequency of up to 400 kHZ (AC-DC) and 1 MHZ (DC-DC) level. Ultrafast restore power diode, MOSF ET asked further rectification technology for the development of efficient low-voltage output (for example, 3 V) switching power supply for a possible . Are now exploring the develo
21、pment of high-performance high temperature carbonation power to block conductor devices 2. Soft-switch technology enables efficient high-frequency converter with the realization may be. PWM switching power supply switch-mode by hard work (on / off process BU voltage drop / rise and the current rise
22、/ fall waveform is overlap), thus the switching losses. High-frequency switching power supply can reduce the volume of weight, but switching losses are greater (power and frequency is directly proportional). So we must Switching on power than / current wave of cross more technology, the so-called ze
23、ro-voltage (ZVS) / the current (ZCS) switching technology, or soft-switch technology (as opposed to PWM switching technology in terms of hardware), the small soft-switching power supply efficiency Can be increased to 80 a 85 per cent. 1970s, switching power supply market was soft-switch technology l
24、aid the foundation. After the new soft-switch technology will continue to emerge, such as the quasi-resonant (1980s) full-bridge phase-shift ZVS-PWM, constant frequency ZVS -PWM/ZCS-PWM (80 in the late) ZVS-PWM active clamp; ZVT-PWM/ZCT-PWM (90 in the early) full-bridge phase-shift ZV-ZCS-PWM (90 ye
25、ars), and so on. China has The latest soft-switching technology to 6 Kw power of communication, efficiency up to 93% 3. Control Technology progress. Such as the current control and multi-loop control, load control, a cycle control, power factor control, DSP control, and the corresponding private Int
26、egrated control of the successful development of the chip, so that switching power supply has greatly improved dynamic performance, the circuit also greatly simplified 4. Active Power Mission of Correction (APFC) the development, improve the AC-DC switching power supply power factor. Due to the impo
27、rtation Rectification of a capacitor-a device, AC-DC switching power supply and a large class of the rectifier power supply electronic equipment (such as inverters, UPS), and so the power grid measuring only a few corporations with the APFC 0.65,80 technology can improve To 0.95 to 0.99, both the ma
28、nagement of the power grid harmonic pollution and also improve the overall efficiency of the power switch. APFC is a single-phase DC-DC converter topology and power factor control of specific applications, while the three-phase APFC Three-Phase PWM switch is rectifier topology and control technology
29、 with 5. Magnetic components of new magnetic materials and the development of a new transformer. Such as integrated magnetic circuit, the plane Cores, ultra-thin (Low profile) transformer and a new transformer such as piezoelectric , No Cores printed circuit (PCB) transformer, so that the power swit
30、ch can reduce the size of the weight of many 6. Capacitors and EMI filter new advances in technology, so that small switching power supply and improve the performance of EMC 7. Micro-processing For monitoring and switching power supply system of internal communication technology applications, improv
31、e the reliability of the power system. The late 1990s and made a new switching power supply of research and development, this is also the new century vision for the development of switching power supply. Such as: an AC - DC converter or regulator to achieve steady flow, and a power factor correction
32、 feature, known as single-level (SingleSwitch Single Stage) or 4 S high power factor AC-DC converter output 1 V, 50A of the low-voltage high-current DC-DC converters, also known as voltage regulator module VRM, to adapt to the next generation of ultra-fast microprocessor power supply needs of multi-
33、channel (Multi-Channel or Multi-Phase) DC-DC converter; web server (Server) The switching power supply to be a portable electronic equipment such as the high-frequency switching power supply. More than a brief review of the process of switching power supply development and the performance. I believe
34、 the 21st century, the power switch theory and technology development will have a more brilliant achievements , I hope this message of the cross-century youth power experts.开关电源发展轨迹开关电源发展轨迹（察宣兰） 开关稳压电源（以下简称开关电源）取代晶体管线性稳压电源（以下简称线性电源）已有30多年历史，最早出现的是串联型开关电源，其主电路拓扑与线性电源相仿，但功率晶体管了作于开关状态后来脉宽调制（PWM）控制技术有了发
35、展，用以控制开关变换器，得到PWM开关电源，它的特点是用20kHz脉冲频率或脉冲宽度调制一PWM开关电源效率可达 6570，而线性电源的效率只有30一40。在发生世界性能源危机的年代，引起了人们的广泛关往。线性电源工作于工频，因此用工作频率为20kHZ的PWM开关电源替代，可大幅度节约能源，在电源技术发展史上誉为20kHZ革命。 随着ULSI芯片尺寸不断减小，电源的尺寸与微处理器相比要大得多；航天，潜艇，军用开关电源以及用电池的便携式电子设备（如手提计算机，移动电话等）更需要小型化，轻量化的电源。因此对开关电源提出了小型轻量要求，包括磁性元件和电容的体积重量要小。此外要求开关电源效率要更高，性
36、能更好，可靠性更高等。 我国开关电源历程 从我国开关电源的发展过程可以了解国际开关电源发展的一个侧面，虽然一般说来，我国技术发展水平与国际先进水平平均有510年差距。 70年代起，我同在黑白电视机，中小型计算机中开始应用5V，20-200A，20kHZ AC DC开关电源。80年代进入大规模生产和广泛应用阶段，并开发研究0.55MHz准谐振型软开关电源。80年代中，我国通信（如程注交换机）电源在ACDC及DCDC开关电源应用领域中所六比重还比较低。80年代末我国通信电源大规模更新换代，传统的铁磁稳压-整流电源和晶闸管（Thyristor，原称可控硅元件）相控稳压电源为大功率（48V， 6kw）
37、 ACDC开关电源（通信系统中常称为开关型整流器SMR）所持代；并开始在办公室自动化设备中得到应用。工业应用方面，在锅炉火焰控制，继电保护，激光，彩色TV，离子管灯丝发射电流调节，离子注射机，卤钨灯控制等系统中均有应用。 90年代我国又研制开发了一批新型专用非关电源，典型例子如下： 1.卫星开关电源。东方红三号通信卫星、风云一号、二号气象卫星均应用了开关电源。特点是：多路输出，不可维修性，要求长期不改变性能，设置冗余模块，可靠性高，EMC 满足空间环境条件，高效，轻小。 2远程火箭控制系统的DCDC开关电源，要求发射过程中高度可靠。 3 1000kW牵引变流器4500V1200A GTO门控2
38、50W开关电源。 4 40kW固体脉冲激光器的软开关电源。用4台10kw全桥多谐振ZVS变换器并联。 5焊机用双IGBT管正激车电压转换一脉定调制（ZVTPWM）软开关电源。输出20kW， 500A，开关频率40kHZ，效率92。特点是负载大范围变化频繁，工作环境恶劣。要求电源冲击电流小，动态特性好，无过冲，负载个影响软开关性质。 6.变电所在流操作系统开关电源。供继电保护和自动装置及蓄电池充电用。代替晶闸管调压系统，输出10A，180286V。主开关管用IGBT或功率MOSFET。 7.单相和三相高功率因数整流器（有源功率同数校正器）。 可以看出20一30年中，我国开关电源的应用领域和技术性
39、能有很大进展，这与因家基础工业和国力增强有密切关系，也和国际先进开关电源技术影响有关。充分显示了中国电源技术人员的聪明才智和艰苦奋斗的创业精神。 90年代，中小型（500W以下）ACDC和DC-DC开关电源的特点是：高频化（开关频率达300400kHZ）以达到高功率密度，体小量轻；力求高效和高可靠；低成本；低输出电压（3V；AC输入端高功率同数等。在今后5年内仍然将沿这些方向发展。 主要技术标志 从技术上看，几十年来推动开关电源性能和技术水平不断提高的本要标志是： 1.新型高频功率半导体器件的开发使实现开关电源高频化有了可能。 如功率MOSFET和IGBT已完全可代替功率晶体管和晶闸管，从而使
40、中小型开关电源下作频率可达到400kHZ（ACDC）和1MHZ（DC-DC）的水平。超快恢复功率二极管，MOSF ET问步整流技术的开发也为高效低电压输出（例如3V）开关电源的研制有了可能。现正在探索研制耐高温的高性能碳化砖功率来导体器件。 2.软开关技术使高效率高频开关变换器的实现有了可能。 PWM开关电源按硬开关模式工作（开关过程中电压卜降上升和电流上升下降波形有交叠），因而开关损耗大。开关电源高频化可以缩小体积重量，但开关损耗却更大了（功耗与频率成正比）。为此必须研究开关电比电流波形个交更的技术，即所谓零电压（ZVS）本电流（ZCS）开关技术，或称软开关技术（相对于PWM硬开关技术而言）
41、，小功率软开关电源效率可提高到80一85。 70年代谐报开关电源奠定了软开关技术的基础。以后新的软开关技术不断涌现，如准谐振（80年代中）全桥移相ZVSPWM，恒频ZVSPWMZCSPWM（80年代末）ZVS PWM有源钳位；ZVTPWMZCT-PWM（90年代初）全桥移相 ZVZCSPWM（90年代中）等。我国已将最新软开关技术应用于6Kw通信电源中，效率达93%。 3.控制技术研究的进展。如电流型控制及多环控制，电荷控制，一周期控制，功率因数控制，DSP控制；及相应专用集成控制芯片的研制成功等，使开关电源动态性能有很大提高，电路也大幅度简化。 4.有源功率团数校正技术（APFC）的开发，提
42、高了ACDC开关电源功率因数。 由于输入端有整流一电容元件，ACDC开关电源及一大类整流电源供电的电子设备（如逆变器，UPS）等的电网测功率团数仅为0.65，80年代用APFC技术后可提高到0.95 0.99，既治理了电网的谐波“污染”，又提高了开关电源的整体效率。单相APFC是DC DC开关变换器拓扑和功率因数控制技术的具体应用，而三相APFC则是三相PWM整流开关拓扑和控制技术的结合。 5.磁性元件新型磁材料和新型变压器的开发。 如集成磁路，平面型磁心，超薄型（Low profile）变压器；以及新型变压器如压电式，无磁心印制电路（PCB）变压器等，使开关电源的尺寸重量都可减少许多。 6.
43、新型电容器和EMI滤波器技术的进步，使开关电源小型化并提高了EMC性能。 7.微处理器监控和开关电源系统内部通信技术的应用，提高了电源系统的可靠性。 90年代末又提出了新型开关电源的研制开发，这也是新世纪开关电源的发展远景。如：用一级ACDC开关变换器实现稳压或稳流，并具有功率因数校正功能，称为单管单级（SingleSwitch Single Stage）或4S高功率因数ACDC开关变换器；输出1V， 50A的低电压大电流DCDC变换器，又称电压调节模块VRM，以适应下一代超快速微处理器供电的需求；多通道（MultiChannel或MultiPhase）DCDC开关变换器；网络服务器（Server）的开关电源刊可携带式电子设备的高频开关电源等。 以上简要回顾了开关电源发展的历程和取得的业绩。相信进入21世纪后，开关电源的理论与技术发展将会有更辉煌的成就，谨以此短文寄希望于我国跨世纪的青年电源专家们。
