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1、由中西文化差异谈 “羊”翻译策略：直译、意译、异化Discussion translation strategies from cultural comparison of “sheep” 论文摘要语言植根于文化，宗教又是文化的重要组成部分。中西方文化中，“羊”有着迥然不同的文化内涵。西方基督教文化中，圣经常用羊来象征或比喻人。把神称为牧羊人（shepherd），把民众称之为羊（sheep），用羊形容人性容易迷失，必须依靠信仰的力量感化；东方道教文化中，因“羊”“阳”谐音，故“三羊”含祝吉语“三羊开泰”意。据周易，正月为泰卦，三阳生于下，即寓意冬去春来，阴消阳长，祥瑞吉庆。 作者对比分析了不同
2、版本的中英文圣经， 从中摘抄出较有代表性的32个章节作为本文分析的基础。 所涉及到的不同版本的中英文圣经如下：English Standard Version Bible、新译新约全书、和合本 新修订标准版、http:/www.gnpcb.org/esv、http:/www.digitalbiblesociety.org/bibles/ LZZ/b5/index.htm 。在语料分析中，本文试图运用“直译” “意译”与“异化”等翻译理论，兼顾到东西方文化中对羊的理解，对比“sheep” 在不同版本中文圣经中的翻译。作者发现，圣经在对羊的翻译过程中，把“直译” 和“意译” 相结合的翻译策略。 他
3、们根据实际情况交替使用，没有绝对的直译 ,也没有绝对的意译。虽然在形式上有所不同 ,却服务于共同的翻译目的，就是实现不同语言之间的信息和文化的传递。使读者完全、准确地感受到圣经源文中所承载的精神，使目标读者更容易理解。 本研究透过中西方文化对羊的理解的不同，初步探讨了在中文圣经中的羊的翻译，以及在翻译中的策略和方法，可供参考。但由于语料样本的局限性以及片面性可能导致结论的缺陷和不足，期待能引起读者的兴趣和深入的研究。关键词：文化，圣经，羊，直译， 意译， 异化AbstractLanguages are rooted in specific cultural background, and re
4、flect the specific cultural content. Religion as part of culture also has a large impact. In the Western Christian culture, the Bible often uses sheep to describe humans in a symbolic manner. But in Oriental Taoism culture, 羊 and 阳 are homonyms, contain the meaning of goodness. To compare and analyz
5、e the different versions of the Bible in both Chinese and English, we can choose from 32 different verses from all over the Bible that best represent the use of the word “sheep” according to data which was used in the translation of different versions of the Bible in both English and Chinese are as
6、follows：English Standard Version Bible,新译新约全书,和合本 新修订标准版, http:/www.gnpcb.org/esv, http:/www.digitalbiblesociety.org/bibles/LZZ/b5/index.htm. In this paper, through the application of the different strategies of Literal translation, free translation and “Foreignizing,” we will take into account the
7、different cultural understanding of the sheep and compare sheep in the different versions of the Chinese translation of the Bible. The author found that in the translation process, there was a combination of “literal translation, free translation and Foreignizing in the translation-based strategy. T
8、hey are used interchangeably according to the actual situation, as there is no absolute literal translation, but there also is no absolute free translation. Although they vary in form, the common translation is aimed at transferring information between different languages and cultural transmission s
9、o that readers can fully and accurately understand the source of the text in the Bible.In this study, through the different understanding of “sheep” in Chinese and Western culture, we will study the word sheeps translation in the Bible facially, as well as in the translation of strategies and approa
10、ches for reference. However, because of the limitations of corpus samples, as well as the conclusions of one-sidedness may lead to defects and deficiencies but nevertheless hopes to arouse the readers interest and in-depth study.Key words: Sheep, Bible, Literal & free translation, Foreignizing Table
11、 of ContentsPages1. Introduction .1.1 Project Background .1.2 Project Objective .1.3 Project Design .11122. Rationale .22.1 Translation methods and strategies.2.1.1 The Literal translation and Free translation.2.2 The Foreignizing and Domesticating translation2233. Data Description of 34 selected ex
12、amples.3.1 Source of data .3.2 Presentation of the Data. .4444. Data Analysis .134.1 The different interpretations of the sheep in the different cultures4.1.1 Meaning of sheep in the English Speaking countries . 4.1.2 Meaning of sheep in Chinese speaking countries 4.2 Analysis of Translation Terms L
13、iteral and Free translation.4.3 Translation Strategies Foreignizing Translation1313 14 14165. Results and Suggestions .5.1 Results .5.2 Suggestions on the Use of Translation Strategies .2020206. Conclusion 21Bibliography . 22Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III 222327Discussion translation strategies
14、 from cultural comparison of “sheep”1. Introduction1.1 Project BackgroundDifferent cultures have different understanding of the same thing. We all recognize that diverse peoples have diverse perspectives of same thing because of diverse backgrounds. Through translation one can understand their senti
15、ments of the same thing. One example comes from the Holy Bible, recognized as the most important literature in the western culture and influencing their history and society widely. One day in 2001, someone told me that there is a person called Jesus who knows me well. He is my shepherd, and I am His
16、 little sheep. Tracking the footprints of the shepherd, through reading the Holy Bible and experiencing His love and mercy, my life is refreshed continuously in the Shepherds hands. As I continued to read the Bible, I found more interesting things about the Bible. Gradually I noticed there are many
17、places in the Bible that associates people with sheep or a flock and God as the shepherd. Sometimes it is a short sentence, sometimes it is a phrase or even a whole paragraph with this implication. As a Chinese, I never had any concept about my life that has anything to do with a shepherd, sheep or
18、a flock. In the English Bible, the word “sheep” often represents the people of the God. However, its very hard for a Chinese to equate “sheep” with “people” in their culture. 1.2 Project Objective This research aims at not only to learn more about the culture difference, but how to apply it to trans
19、lation. In order to do well in translating, translators often need to have more knowledge to understand culture origins.Gu Yueguo (2002) in his book English Trough Translation claims that bilingual competence has almost always been regarded as an essential requirement to do with translation. Bicultu
20、ralism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. Dictionaries and encyclopedias are an important source of strategic cultural information. To be a good translator, not only to understand the own culture but also read wid
21、ely about the target language. Because of the differences between Western and Chinese culture, we have to distinguish when to use the literal translation and when to use the free translation so that it can deliver the best translation for the word “sheep.” Through the translation of “sheep” in the B
22、ible, one learns more about culture differences between English speaking countries and Chinese, and how it affects the translation from the English Bible to the Chinese Bible，and within this base, deduce the translation strategies of general application.1.3 Project DesignThis research is divided int
23、o four parts. In the first part, the author will define the Bible, analyze the features of the Bible, and then cite some theories which will be employed in the coming analysis. In the second part, the author will go further into the research of translating by analyzing 32 sentences or paragraphs in
24、the Bible. In the third part, the author aims at concluding translation strategies and methods according to the analyzed data. Finally, in the fourth part, the author will summarize the whole research and present the implications for the future practice and research.2. Rationale2.1 Translation metho
25、ds and strategies2.1.1 The Literal translation and Free translation“Literal translation and free translation are two basic skills of translation. Literal translation refers to translate a sentence originally, keep the original message form, including construction of sentence, meaning of the original
26、 words, and metaphor of the original and so on. Translation would be fluent and easy to comprehend by target language readers”. （“Free translation refers to, according to the meaning of the original, without paying attention to the details and translation would also be fluent and natural. Free trans
27、lation need not pay attention to the form of the original, including construction of the original sentences, meaning of the original works, and metaphor of the original and so on. But free translation does not mean to delete or add content to the original and translators must consider the original c
28、arefully, know its stress, translate it naturally express the meaning of the original. Free translation is a skill which translators must know the culture of both source language and target language, and must have extensive knowledge”. （“Select which translation method, it should be based on specifi
29、c needs of the article, two kinds of translation can be used. Foreignizing and Domesticating will be extended to the field of vision and language are closely related to culture and aesthetics, and more on the factors to explore the higher realm of translation”. （2.2 The Foreignizing and Domesticatin
30、g translation Domesticating Translation or Domestication created by the American translation theorist Lawrence Venuti (1995) to describe the terms of translation strategy. Foreignizing translation asked is intended to break through the conventional target, the original of the exotic. Venuti translat
31、ion attributed to domesticating translaiton in the nineteenth century German philosopher Schleiermachers translation theory do not disturb as much as possible to original author, so that the translator can drew readers close to him (Schleiermacher 1838/1963: 47, 1838/1977:74; Venuti 1995: 19)。 ( Law
32、rence Venuti indicates the definition of Demestication is the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers- The translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the autho
33、r towards him.(adaptation to the original)Foreignization is that it designates the type of translation in which a target text “deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original” - The translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves
34、 the reader towards him.3. Data Description of 32 selected examples3.1 Source of data:To compare and analyze the different versions of the Bible in both Chinese and English in this chapter in order to have a better understanding of how to translate “sheep”, we choose 34 different verses from all ove
35、r the Bible that best represent the use of the word “sheep” as the basis of data which involved in the different versions of the Bible in both English and Chinese are as follows：English Standard Version Bible ； 新译新约全书； 和合本 新修订标准版；http:/www.gnpcb.org/esv；http:/www.digitalbiblesociety.org/bibles/LZZ/b
36、5/index.htm As the best seller in the world, the Holy Bible has been translated into many languages. Almost every country has translations in its languages. Nowadays, you can google it on the internet whenever and wherever by just typing in a word “Bible”. You can find many different versions of the
37、 English bible, such as ESV (English Standard Version). You can also buy the book at XinHua book store or many Christian book stores in any big Chinese cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Hongkong, Macao etc. There are several translations in China at present which are published
38、 by the China Christian Council,（中国基督教协会）such as 和合本 新修订标准版圣经以及新译新约全书圣经。3.2 Presentation of the Data in details:ST1 Next she bore his brother Abel. Now Abel was a keeper of sheep, and Cain a tiller of the ground. （ Genesis 4:2, English Standard Version Bible ）TT1 她又生了该隐的兄弟亚伯。亚伯是牧羊的，该隐是种地的。( 圣经 创世记4：
39、2，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST2 And for her sake he dealt well with Abram; and he had sheep, oxen, male donkeys, male and female slaves, female donkeys, and camels. （ Genesis 12:16, English Standard Version Bible ）TT2 法老因这妇人就厚待亚伯兰，亚伯兰得了许多牛羊、骆驼、公驴、母驴、仆婢。( 圣经 创世记12:16，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST3 Then Abimelech took sheep and o
40、xen, and male and female slaves, and gave them to Abraham, and restored his wife Sarah to him. （ Genesis 20:14, English Standard Version Bible ）TT3亚比米勒把牛羊、仆婢赐给亚伯拉罕，又把他的妻子撒拉归还他。( 圣经 创世记20:14，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST4 As he looked, he saw a well in the field and three flocks of sheep lying there beside it; for
41、out of that well the flocks were watered. The stone on the wells mouth was large. （ Genesis 29:2 , English Standard Version Bible ）TT4 看见田间有一口井，有三群羊卧在井旁，因为人饮羊群，都是用那井里的水，井口上的石头是大的。( 圣经 创世记29:2，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST5 When the animal, whether ox or donkey or sheep, is found alive in the thiefs possession, the
42、 thief shall pay double. （ Exodus22:4 , English Standard Version Bible ）TT5若他所偷的，或牛，或驴，或羊，仍在他手下存活，他就要加倍赔还。( 圣经 出埃及记22:4，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST6 If your gift for a burnt offering is from the flock, from the sheep or goats, your offering shall be a male without blemish. （ Leviticus1:10 , English Standard Vers
43、ion Bible ）TT6 “人的供物若以绵羊或山羊为燔祭，就要献上没有残疾的公羊。( 圣经 利未记1:10，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST7 To be acceptable in your behalf it shall be a male without blemish, of the cattle or the sheep or the goats. （ Leviticus22:19 , English Standard Version Bible ）TT7 是献给耶和华作燔祭的，要将没有残疾的公牛，或是绵羊，或是山羊献上，如此方蒙悦纳。( 圣经 利未记22:19，和合本 新修订标准版
44、 )ST8 From the share of the warriors who went out to battle, set aside as tribute for the LORD, one item out of every five hundred, whether persons, oxen, donkeys, sheep, or goats. （ Numbers31:28 , English Standard Version Bible ）TT8 又要从出去打仗所得的人口、牛、驴、羊群中，每五百取一，作为贡物奉给耶和华。( 圣经 民数记31:28，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST9
45、 These are the animals you may eat: the ox, the sheep, the goat. （ Deuteronomy 14:4 , English Standard Version Bible ）TT9 可吃的牲畜就是牛、绵羊、山羊、( 圣经 申命记14:4，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST10 Then they devoted to destruction by the edge of the sword all in the city, both men and women, young and old, oxen, sheep, and donkey
46、s. （ Joshua6:21 , English Standard Version Bible ）TT10 人往前直上，将城夺取。又将城中所有的，不拘男女老少、牛羊和驴，都用刀杀尽。 ( 圣经 约书亚记6:21，和合本 新修订标准版 )ST11 King Solomon and all the congregation of Israel, who had assembled before him, were before the ark, sacrificing so many sheep and oxen that they could not be numbered or counted. （ 2Chronicles5:6 , English Standard Version Bible ）TT11 所罗门王和聚集到他那里的以色列全会众，都在约柜前献牛羊为祭，多得不可胜数。 ( 圣经 历代
