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1、文献出处：Oosterveer P, Kamolsiripichaiporn S, Rasiah R. The Greeningof Industry and Development in Southeast Asia: Perspectives on Industrial Transformation and Environmental Regulation; Introduction J. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2006, 8(2): 217-227.英语专八专业翻译，语句通顺连惯，保证质量。原文The Greening
2、of Industry and Development in Southeast Asia: Perspectives on Industrial Transformation and Environmental Regulation;Peter, Somporn, RasiahIntroductionUntil some 20 years ago, most Southeast Asian countries were primarily agricultural economies, in which industrial production played a limited role.
3、 However, as their industrial production has increased rapidly over the last decades, Thailand and Malaysia have become known as newly industrializing countries. Vietnam is also well on its way to follow its neighboring countries and is often labeled as belonging to the second generation tiger econo
4、mies. In these countries, industrial growth has been much higher than economic growth in agriculture over the past 15 years and the share of industrial production in their GNP is rapidly increasing (be it not necessarily with the same rate in all (parts of ) of these countries). Industrial activitie
5、s in general have however never been without environmental problems and therefore it is not surprising that the accelerated industrialization in Southeast Asia, entailing a dramatic transformation of the industrial sector, included some serious environmental problems (JEC, 2003). These environmental
6、 challenges to the industrial performance in Southeast Asia will probably grow in the future as the region is at the same time under pressure to sustain its economic progress and also to reduce the still remaining poverty.Industrial environmental problems can be related to energy use, resource use,
7、water and air pollution, waste generation, environmental risks, biodiversity, transport, and so forth. The severity of these environmental consequences may vary, depending on the technologies used in the industrial production processes, the organization and management of the production, the coordina
8、tion of the various steps in the productionconsumption chain (in terms of information flows, substance flows, management preferences, etc.), the regulatory regimes at various levels (from local to supra-national), and the reactions from citizens and consumers towards products and production. These e
9、nvironmental problems occur within the context of a rapidly changing world where technological innovations, new organizational and management approaches, globalizing productionconsumption chains, increasing communication and information exchange possibilities, and changing power balances. These econ
10、omic, political and technological transitions provide new challenges but also new opportunities for the environmental performance in these countries. The export oriented character of most Asian industries forces them, for example, to include the global environmental requirements for the industrial c
11、hains and their products, a pressure which may be expected to become more intense in the coming years.This special issue of Environment, Development and Sustainability, presents several articles that analyze the challenges and opportunities for governing the transformation of industrial activities i
12、n Southeast Asia towards more sustainable practices. The following section presents some of the more general trends influencing the environmental performance of industries, particularly in Thailand and Vietnam, followed by a review of recent conceptual innovations on the greening of industry. This i
13、ntroduction concludes with a brief description of the articles in this issue.Conceptual challenges facing the greening of industries in Southeast Asia The serious environmental problems resulting from the industrial development in Southeast Asia signify complex challenges for attempts to contribute
14、to the greening of industries in this region. These challenges include the identification of appropriate technological options in combination with economic, social and political aspects.The Asian Development Bank (2001) concluded that the root cause of the poor state of the environment Asia was prin
15、cipally a failure of policy and of institutions. A new approach is, therefore, required with regard to the design and implementation of environmental policy within the region. Traditionally, central national government organizations have been the cornerstone of governance in Southeast Asia. Until re
16、cently, it has been the practice to depend upon a stand-alone environmental agency as the institution responsible for environmental protection. Since 1980, such agencies have been established in most countries but they generally remain small, dispose of limited institutional capabilities and lack th
17、e necessary political clout (World Bank, 2000a). At the same time, devolution of responsibilities regarding the environment from central to regional and local level government institutions was undermined due to inadequate coordination in the preparatory process and inecient transforming mechanisms.
18、It was only recently that the importance of more inclusive arrangements involving private firms and civil society organizations is realized and these countries begin to adopt market based mechanisms. For example, the regional government institutions such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
19、 (ASEAN) acknowledge the need for achieving sustainable development in an increasingly globalizing world and today support the use of environmental management systems and certification schemes such as ISO 14001 has become common practice. In general, government authorities and social organizations i
20、ncreasingly realize that eective environmental governance depends on transparency, accountability, and the availability of high-quality information concerning economic processes and related environmental eects. Therefore, environmental concerns must be integrated across sectors and mainstreamed into
21、 economic policy and practice. Environmental protection must be considered an ssential factor in the basic decision making process of firms, households and policy makers (ADB, 2001; Mol, 1995, 2001).Until very recently, the rate of improvement in energy and materials eciency, and pollution preventio
22、n through the adoption of green environmental technologies has been slow relative to the rate of economic growth in many Southeast Asian countries. In the past, industries were only keen on adopting specific environmental technologies or products on a piecemeal basis to meet specific regulatory requ
23、irements. However, this does not reap the potential benefits of managing environmental problems in an integrated manner over the longer term. The theory of ecological modernization (Huber, 1982; Mol, 1995; Spaargaren, 1997) stresses the necessity of including environmental considerations in overall
24、decision-making and management practices within firms. Combining environmental and economic considerations in management decision-making in a consistent manner can contribute to substantial improvements in the environmental as well as the economic performance of industrial enterprises. Environmental
25、 investments should be looked at as part of a comprehensive program of longer term environmental management that also contributes to the financial viability of the business (Letchumanan, 2004). It is therefore vital that strategies for greening industries in Asia go beyond the selection of optimal t
26、echnological option for a particular industry or sector and support eective environmental pollution abatement through in-depth understanding of their social and institutional contexts (Frijns et al., 1997). The tool of triad network analysis (Mol, 1995), mapping the relevant economic, political and
27、environmental actors, may provide useful information for environmental policy-making by visualizing the power relationships surrounding private firms. Successful environmental change in industries depends on technological, managerial, economic, political and societal considerations. For example, bas
28、ed on a large number of case studies on industrial transformation in Europe, Binder et al. (2001) conclude that the most important conditions for the greening of industries seem to be: the end of an investment cycle in the aected sector, satisfactory technological alternatives, an innovator in the b
29、ranch to promote the diusion of alternative technologies, clear environmental targets, a high degree of political integration between dierent government actors, and the availability of funding for compensation to lessen the social and regional disruption caused by change.This example clearly underli
30、nes the importance of non-technological considerations in the successful transition towards greening industries. The authors furthermore underline that although industries play a key role in changing their environmental performance, a green industrial policy remains indispensable.Applying the concep
31、ts developed within the ecological modernization approach and combining insights in technological options with good comprehension of the relevant social and political dynamics, applying the triad-network approach, provide interesting directions for the greening of industries in Southeast Asia. Scien
32、tific research should therefore perform in-depth case studies on industrial transformations in specific sectors, on the successes, failures and challenges of environmental policy by national states, paying attention to changing state-society relations, and on the contributions from different Asian g
33、overnments to international environmental regimes and vice versa. The articles in this issue provide further insights into these challenges.（完整翻译请前往Tao Bao店铺购买， 复制搜索就行，店铺名：瀚海翻译）译文东南亚产业发展的“绿色化”：产业转型和环境监管的角度作者：彼得；萨姆恩；拉贾引言直到大约20年前，大多数的东南亚国家主要是农业经济，产业方面的发展受到很大的限制。然而，当他们的产业在过去的几十年里得到迅速增长后，泰国和马来西亚已成为新兴的产业
34、经济体国家。越南也顺利地跟上了周边国家的步伐，经常被贴上第二代强力经济体的标签。在这些国家，产业发展迅速，对经济增长的贡献远远大于农业在过去的15年的对国民生产总值的贡献值，产值所占的份额正在迅速增加。产业虽然发展了，但是从未没有环境问题，产业发展都伴随着环境问题，因此，东南亚国家的这种产业发展是不足为奇的。这就涉及到产业部门的戏剧性的转变，包括一些严重的环境问题(联合经济委员会，2003)。东南亚产业发展伴随的这些环境问题挑战，很可能会在该地区不断增加，同时维持其经济发展及减少当地的贫困局面的压力也将逐渐增大。产业发展环境问题主要是能源使用、资源利用、水和空气污染、废物产生、环境风险、生物多样性、运输等等。这些环境后果的严重程度可能不同,这取决于产业发展过程中，使用的技术等等 (信息流、物质流,人员管理等等)以及各级监管制度(从本地到国际)。这些环境问题发生在快速变化的国际环境变化中，技术创新、新组织和管理、全球化生产链等等，这些都增加了国际间通信和信息交换的可能性，改变了国际力量格局平衡。这些经济、政治和技术转型提供的新挑战也是这些国家的新的改善环境问题的机会。大多数亚洲面向出口的产业使得他们的压力大增，例如,包括全球产业链的环境需求和他们的产品面临的压力可能将在未来几年变得更加大。（完整翻译请前往Tao Bao店铺购买， 复制搜索就行，店铺名：瀚海翻译）
