《单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 单片机的发展与应用.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 单片机的发展与应用.doc（11页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、THE Application and Development of Microcontroller UnitMonolithic integrated circuits are a computer chip. It uses technology will have a data processing ability of the microprocessor (cpu), storage in rom （ program memory and data storage ram ）, the input, output interfaces circuit (I/O) integratio
2、n interface i turned around with a chip in that small, constitutes a very good and the computer hardware system, where the application under the control of a monolithic integrated circuits can be accurate, fast and efficient procedures provided in advance to complete the task. So, a monolithic integ
3、rated circuits will have a computer chip of all the functions.Thus, the microprocessor （ monolithic integrated circuits has generally cpu ） chips are not functional, it can independently complete modern industrial control required for intelligent control functions, it is monolithic integrated circui
4、ts of the biggest characteristic.Monolithic integrated circuits, however, and different from machines （ a microprocessor chips, the memory chip and input and output interfaces chip in with a piece of printed circuit board of a microcomputer ）, Monolithic integrated circuits chip in developing ago, i
5、t is only a function vlsi will have a strong, If of application development, it is a small microcomputer control system, but it machine or a personal computer (pc is essential. the difference between).Monolithic integrated circuits of the application of chips at the level of application, the user （
6、monolithic integrated circuits learners with users understand the structure of the chip ） monolithic integrated circuits and instruction system, and the integrated use of technology and system design to the theory and techniques, in this particular chip design application, thereby, the chip with a p
7、articular function.Different monolithic integrated circuits have different hardware and software, or the technical features are different, Character depends on a hardware chip monolithic integrated circuits the internal structure of the user to use some monolithic integrated circuits, we must know t
8、his type of product whether to meet the needs of the facilities and application of the indicators required. The technical features include functional characteristics, control and electrical attributes, These information to manufacturers in the technical manual. Software features refers to an instruc
9、tion system and development support of the environment, the quality of instruction or monolithic integrated circuits for reference, data processing and logical processing, output characteristics and to the power input requirements, etc. Development support of the environment, including the instructi
10、ons of compatible and portable. support software (contains can support the development and application software and hardware resources. resources). To take advantage of the model of development of a monolithic integrated circuits application systems, learn its structural features and technological c
11、haracteristic is required.Monolithic integrated circuits to control system will ever use of sophisticated electronic circuit or circuit, a control system to achieve the software controls and enable intelligent, It is monolithic integrated circuits to control areas, such as communications products an
12、d household appliances, the instruments and processes to control and control devices, the application of more monolithic integrated circuits sector.Monolithic integrated circuits, of course, the application is not limited to the application or the category of the economic performance is more importa
13、nt it is a fundamental change in the traditional methods designed to control and mind control techniques. it is a revolution is an important milestone.Can say now is the policy, a hundred schools of thought contend monolithic integrated circuits, World chip all the company unveiled his monolithic in
14、tegrated circuits, from 8, 16 to 32 bits, and, with mainstream c51 series of, and there is not compatible with each other, but they, as complementary to monolithic integrated circuits, the application of the world provide a broad.Throughout monolithic integrated circuits of the development process,
15、the trend of a monolithic integrated circuits, has ：1.the low TDP COMSMcs -51 8031 a series of TDP for 630mw, and now a monolithic integrated circuits, and generally in 100mw. As to ask for lower TDP monolithic integrated circuits, and now each monolithic integrated circuits are used in the basic cm
16、os (complementary metal oxides semiconductor technology). Like 80c51 adopt a hmos (the high density metal oxides semiconductor technology) and chmos (complementary high density metal oxides semiconductor technology). Cmos although TDP low, but owing to their physical characteristics to their work at
17、 a speed isnt high enough, but it has a high-speed chmos TDP and low, these features are more appropriate to ask for lower TDP in a battery operated applications. so this process will be for a period of development. the main way to monolithic integrated circuits。2.the tiny singleNow the universal ar
18、e monolithic integrated circuits will be the central processor (cpu) and access data storage (ram), read-only program memory (rom), parallel or serial interface and system, the timing of the integrated circuit or circuit in a single chip in a monolithic integrated circuits, integration with such as
19、a d converters, pmw (the wide modulation scheme), wdt (watchdog). Some monolithic integrated circuits will lcd (lcd) driven circuit are integrated in a single chip in monolithic integrated circuits of the unit the circuit is more and more powerful functions. even monolithic integrated circuits can b
20、e even to the user requirements, making with their own characteristics. monolithic integrated circuits.In addition, this product is for small volume, light weight, but the functions and TDP monolithic integrated circuits are low, for its size. now many monolithic integrated circuits have a package f
21、orm, which encapsulates) smd (surface of the growing popularity of a monolithic integrated circuits, the system is in the direction of development.3. mainstream and many species coexistenceThough monolithic integrated circuits, with species, but still 80c51 as the core of the mainstream monolithic i
22、ntegrated circuits, compatible with the structure and instruction system of the companys products, philips atmel the companys products and china on taiwan winbond series monolithic integrated circuits. so c8051 as the core of the territory. a monolithic integrated circuits. And microchip companies s
23、treamline the instruction set pic (risc) also has a strong growth momentum, china on taiwan holtek company in recent years production more than a monolithic integrated circuits low quality, occupy a certain amount of the market share. in addition, motorola companys products, japan a few big companie
24、s of a monolithic integrated circuits. At times, this will be retained and will not exist in a monolithic integrated circuits of the monopoly situation, or nothing was complementary and interdependent and common development. The current monolithic integrated circuits come to pervade every aspect of
25、our lives, it is difficult to find what field did not monolithic integrated circuits of the box. The navigation equipment, the various instruments of control, the computer networks and data communication, transmitted real-time and industrial automation process control and data processing. extensive
26、use of smart cards. ic civil limousine security system, vcr, cameras, automatic washing machine, and controlled, electronic pets, etc. these are inseparable from monolithic integrated circuits. Not to mention the automatic control of robots and intelligent appearance, the medical instrument. Monolit
27、hic integrated circuits of the study, therefore, development and application will make a number of computer applications and the intelligent control of scientists and engineers.Monolithic integrated circuits widely used in instruments, household appliances, medically, air space, special equipment fo
28、r intelligent control and management and process, can be roughly divided the following categories ：1. in the application smart instrumentsMonolithic integrated circuits has a small volume, low, controlled TDP strong, flexible capabilities to expand and handy, miniature advantages, widely used in ins
29、truments, with a different type of sensor, the realization of such as voltage, power, the frequency, humidity, temperature and flow, speed, depth, angle, and length and strength, element and the pressure of such physical measurements. A monolithic integrated circuits to control the instrument digita
30、l, intelligent, miniature, and function to use the electronic and digital circuit. for example, more powerful and accurate measuring equipment （ power, the analyser ）.2. in the application of the industrial controlUse of diverse forms can be a monolithic integrated circuits to control systems and da
31、ta collection systems. for example, the assembly of the intelligent chip, the intelligent control and alarm systems and computer networking control system, etc. a secondary.3. in the application of household appliancesMay say so, now the utilities in a monolithic integrated circuits to control, from
32、 the rice 17th-century, washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioner, color, or other audio video equipment, the quantity of equipment and miscellaneous , immanent.4. in computer networks and communications fields of applicationModern monolithic integrated circuits have a common interface, yo
33、u can conveniently and computer data communications, to internet and communication equipment application provide good material, communications equipment in the implementation of a monolithic integrated circuits, intelligent control. From the mobile phone, compact and spc exchanges, building communic
34、ations systems and automated call on the wireless communications, to the daily work of the mobile phone, cluster mobile communications, radio etc. 5. monolithic integrated circuits are cultivated fields of applied equipmentMonolithic integrated circuits are medically equipment are also quite wide ra
35、nge of medically breath, for example, the analyser, monitor, ultrasound equipment and call the hospital system, etc.6. in all large product is appliedSome special monolithic integrated circuits design used to implement specific function various circuit is in the application, not for the use of staff
36、 to understand its internal structure. such as music integration monolithic integrated circuits, a deceptively simple and pure electronic in the chip （ from the tape machine ）, the principle of the complex is similar to the principle of the computer. As ： music signals in the form of storage （ resem
37、bling ） rom by a controller to read, a simulation （ music similar to the sound card ）. in large circuit, it is greatly reduced the volume, the circuit, reduce the damage, and error-causing turnover, it is convenient to change.7.monolithic integrated circuits in the fields of applied equipmentMonolit
38、hic integrated circuits in the electronic the application of a very widespread, such as the cars engine controls can, based on the car engine smart electronic navigation systems, gps controller, abs system, the brake system, etc.Monolithic integrated circuits industry and commerce, in addition, fina
39、nce, research and education for national defense aerospace sector has a wide range of purposes.单片机的发展与应用单片机是一种集成电路芯片。它采用超大规模技术将具有数据处理能力的微处理器(CPU)、存储器（含程序存储器ROM和数据存储器RAM）、输入、输出接口电路(I/O接口)集成在同一块芯片上，构成一个即小巧又很完善的计算机硬件系统，在单片机程序的控制下能准确、迅速、高效地完成程序设计者事先规定的任务。所以说，一片单片机芯片就具有了组成计算机的全部功能。由此来看，单片机有着一般微处理器（CPU）芯片
40、所不具备的功能，它可单独地完成现代工业控制所要求的智能化控制功能，这是单片机最大的特征。然而单片机又不同于单板机（一种将微处理器芯片、存储器芯片、输入输出接口芯片安装在同一块印制电路板上的微型计算机），单片机芯片在没有开发前，它只是具备功能极强的超大规模集成电路，如果对它进行应用开发，它便是一个小型的微型计算机控制系统，但它与单板机或个人电脑(PC机)有着本质的区别。单片机的应用属于芯片级应用，需要用户（单片机学习者与使用者）了解单片机芯片的结构和指令系统以及其它集成电路应用技术和系统设计所需要的理论和技术，用这样特定的芯片设计应用程序，从而使该芯片具备特定的功能。不同的单片机有着不同的硬件特
41、征和软件特征，即它们的技术特征均不尽相同，硬件特征取决于单片机芯片的内部结构，用户要使用某种单片机，必须了解该型产品是否满足需要的功能和应用系统所要求的特性指标。这里的技术特征包括功能特性、控制特性和电气特性等等，这些信息需要从生产厂商的技术手册中得到。软件特征是指指令系统特性和开发支持环境，指令特性即我们熟悉的单片机的寻址方式，数据处理和逻辑处理方式，输入输出特性及对电源的要求等等。开发支持的环境包括指令的兼容及可移植性，支持软件(包含可支持开发应用程序的软件资源)及硬件资源。要利用某型号单片机开发自己的应用系统，掌握其结构特征和技术特征是必须的。单片机控制系统能够取代以前利用复杂电子线路或
42、数字电路构成的控制系统，可以以软件控制来实现，并能够实现智能化，现在单片机控制范畴无所不在，例如通信产品、家用电器、智能仪器仪表、过程控制和专用控制装置等等，单片机的应用领域越来越广泛。诚然，单片机的应用意义远不限于它的应用范畴或由此带来的经济效益，更重要的是它已从根本上改变了传统的控制方法和设计思想。是控制技术的一次革命，是一座重要的里程碑。现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 纵观单片机的发展过程，可
43、以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有： 1.低功耗CMOS化 MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。像80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 2.微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是
44、将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。 此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝
45、微型化方向发展。 3.主流与多品种共存 现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机。所以C8051为核心的单片机占据了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头，中国台湾的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增，与其低价质优的优势，占据一定的市场分额。此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品，日本几大公司的专用单片机。在一定的时期内，这种情形将得以延续，将不存在某个单片机一统天下的垄断局面，走的是依存互补，相辅相成、共同
46、发展的道路。目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置，飞机上各种仪表的控制，计算机的网络通讯与数据传输，工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡，民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统，录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。因此，单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。 单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域，大致可分如下几个范畴： 1.在智能仪器仪表上的
47、应用 单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。 2.在工业控制中的应用 用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管芯片理，电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统，与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。 3.在家用电器中的应用 可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单
48、片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。 4.在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用 现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。 5.单片机在医用设备领域中的应用 单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。 6.在各种大型电器中
49、的模块化应用 某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单的功能，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机的原理），就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如：音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。7.单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用 单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛，例如汽车中的发动机控制器，基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器，GPS导航系统，abs防抱死系统，制动系统等等。 此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。
