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1、Seismic zone to the framework of the civil from the brick necessary for the development trend【Abstract】Earthquakes are inevitable natural disasters,but the choice of building structures which can effectively reduce the losses caused by the current seismic zone in construction, particularly in econom
2、ically underdeveloped areas of the building.Mostly brick building structure, but its poor ability to contribute to the seismic earthquakes power and prestige, while the frame structure in the earthquakes strength is especially evident, although the price higher, but with the masonry structure.Compar
3、ed to more cost effective. As more seismic capacity frame - shear wall structure, its high price and low popularity is difficult to build large-scale.【Key words】masonry; framework; choice; cost China is located in the worlds two most active seismic zones in the middle on the east Pacific seismic bel
4、t, west and southwest is the Eurasian seismic zone after areas, is one of many earthquakes in the world, for we must strengthen the Earthquake Research and prevention. Damage caused by the earthquake in theory, three main factors: the level of the ground motion acceleration, resonance, and energy of
5、 inclusiveness. In fact, the earthquake itself is difficult to pose a threat to the safety of human life, most casualties are affected by the earthquake which caused the collapse or destruction of buildings, usually accounting for 95% casualties in the earthquake. Only less than 5% of casualties dir
6、ectly caused by the earthquake and the earthquake floods, landslides cause secondary disasters such as, but not seismic retrofit measures for concrete structure (walls plus not Rachels precast concrete floor) caused disaster is particularly tragic. 1. Housing a number of reasons for the collapse Hou
7、ses collapsed in the earthquake, so many casualties so heavy, what the problem is where? One view is that: Since the earthquake strength, housing guard, the design did not strictly enforce the standards, plus there are some jerry-building phenomenon. For this reason man is undeniable, it is the admi
8、nistrative mechanism and the building construction behavior of the loophole is people own issues. Another view, less developed Wenchuan area, building houses and more traditional brick-based, and fell into disrepair, has been unable to cope with more than magnitude 7 earthquake, in fact, a large num
9、ber of brick and concrete structure building collapsed, causing heavy casualties phenomenon, already on the 1976 Tangshan earthquake occurred. This view from the building itself be analyzed structure, we need to deal with earthquake science, the structural seismic performance seriously strengthen an
10、d maintain the building is not down, come to minimize casualties, at least not as it is now present in people before such terror. Overseas Chinese Affairs department in Sichuan Province is located in the hardest hit of 69 overseas Heart School, the survey found. 41 damaged schools, including severel
11、y damaged 18 of 23 slightly damaged, none of the overseas Chinese schools collapsed heart. According to experts in emergency assessment of back stress, all brick structure for the casting slab and add columns and by formal design and the quality of the good did not collapse, much less steel frame st
12、ructure and a. Seismic structure is the last line of defense, this view of the structure of choice for building seismic performance of unusual. 2. Earthquake with the choice of structure Earthquake collapsed houses, brick and concrete structure accounts for most of the first analysis of the masonry
13、structure. Brick-concrete structure is a hybrid structure, with brick walls to load, due to the construction, low construction costs because, for decades has been the traditional form of Chinese civil, more suitable for deep bay into a small housing area is small, multi- or low-rise buildings. Good
14、compression performance is one big advantage, but also highlight its shortcomings: Since the major, low intensity, so that masonry structures subject to earthquake forces is relatively increased; stoves, heavy, and basic use of artificial masonry, large amount of labor, inefficiency; clay amount of
15、large, often occupying farmland, affecting agricultural production; as mortar and brick, block the cohesive force between the poor unreinforced tensile, bending and shear strength is low, seismic and crack resistance of poor construction quality and difficult to control, it is easy to structural dam
16、age, a rigid structure, this earthquake-prone areas should be used with caution such structures. The brick structure has the following damage of housing characteristics: (1) wall damage, the level of earthquake to masonry shear walls in bending. When the direction and level of seismic cross-section
17、parallel to the wall for high aspect ratio close to 1, wall to shear deformation of the main; and vertical shear stress in the joint action, the principal tensile stress beyond the masonry wall strength, wall inclined cracks appeared; repeated the role of the earthquake, the two cross into direction
18、 of X-shaped diagonal crack; comparison of height to width when the wall for hours, then in the middle of a horizontal wall cracks. (2) vertical and horizontal wall joints damaged. Vertical and horizontal wall joints are a weak link in masonry, earthquake interaction between vertical and horizontal
19、walls, cracks in the transition out of, resulting in vertical wall outward tilt or collapse. (3) to highlight a subsidiary of the roof structural damage. Prominent roof between the roof, parapets and other ancillary structures, due to earthquakes, whip-side effect effect, the horizontal displacement
20、 is large, and the structure of the lack of a reliable connection, often collapsed damage. Damage statistics show that in the strong earthquake, the multi-storey masonry wall is mainly connected with the destruction of components, and housing-storey big, thick layers, a relatively more serious damag
21、e. The structure of housing limited to masonry materials due to their characteristics (poor ductility), coupled with structural integrity is relatively poor, under the earthquake prone to cracking, damage or even collapse phenomenon. Previous earthquakes has proven this earthquake is a costly show!
22、The frame structure, it is by the beams and columns, of three components based on the common load-bearing, frame by the beam and floor structure connected together into a whole, only for filling wall partitions, not force, so the room layout flexibility and size of windows and doors shape a more fre
23、e, more than 7 degrees for the large seismic structure and spatial structure. Lateral stiffness of the frame structure, the structure is flexible, lateral displacement and horizontal loads, the shear deformation curve. Through rational design, the frame structure to withstand large deformation, and
24、can effectively absorb the seismic energy consumption, but excessive levels can cause the deformation of non-structural components damaged, it should be controlled deformation in a certain range. In the earthquake, seismic deformation of the structure through the accumulation of energy (deformation
25、energy) increases, deformation and stress is directly proportional, if the limit strength, structure will be destroyed, for the brittle masonry structure, not easily deformed to absorb the energy, intensity is small, the most easy to destroy, in turn, frames the natural cycle of 0.5 seconds, but als
26、o elastic shaping, and can build up some energy, so easy to destroy. One typical example is the cover of the last century the mill in Tangshan 76 years ago, as a framework for applying the design drawings in Urumqi, 8 degree earthquake, earthquake of 11 degrees are not damaged. Another good structur
27、e is frame structure, it is the frame structure and wall combination of the two systems, drawing on their strengths, shear deformation is curved, with good lateral load resistance, with more boxes in terms of seismic shear structure, stability, housing and so on toughness than on concrete structure
28、and frame structure, in the earthquake, housing frames and shear walls to become two lines of defense system to increase the structural stiffness and strength is a flexible structure. 3. Framework for seismic design issues needing attention First, the earthquake seismic zone frame cast frame structu
29、re to give priority, followed by the assembly of the whole frame structural system, rarely used fabricated, either pre-cast frame or frame should be as far as possible strong column and weak beam strong shear weak bending, extreme pressure weak pull, strong weak nodes building blocks of seismic desi
30、gn criteria, so that frame is a reasonable mechanism for earthquake damage - lateral beam hinge mechanism to regulate the objectives of the framework for crack fortification requirements. When you press a seismic design, concrete strength should not be cast frame than c30; by two to four design no l
31、ess than c20. Second, the seismic frame column section size should meet the standard requirements of the axial compression ratio, which is affecting the form of columns and deformation damage an important factor. Furthermore, the seismic check the floor and when the different layout (overall) to dec
32、ide the use of rigid, rigid, flexible theory. Aseismicity should pay special attention site classification. 8 degrees over five layer conditions, try to add walls, can greatly improve the seismic performance. Frame should be designed to accept two-way system in rigid, but also allows some of the fra
33、me beam frame resting on the other beam. Should strengthen the role of vertical seismic design, from the damage analysis, specification given vertical earthquake is obviously inadequate. 4. Brick to the framework of the trend Architecture is designed for the survival of mans refuge, which is human h
34、as been construction techniques do not present a perfectly justified reason, and now we are in Wenchuan Earthquake see is the construction of the house with his capture their lives, Jian Zhu Life has become a killer. In fact, according to the relevant provisions in many major cities, from 2000 they
35、were no longer Yunxushiyong brick and concrete structure design, and this is also a measure to improve earthquake Jibie, but in fact there are many Lashi this policy, especially as it Wenchuan species has little place unknown, this we have to seismic zone in the country, especially from the brick bu
36、ildings and other structural changes to the framework of more effort on the. So now lets imagine, if they use a frame building in Wenchuan, designed by 7 degrees, such as to reach 9 degrees, has just reached the edge of destruction. If the actual quake was 10 degrees, although more than ultimate str
37、ength, but structural cracks, the stiffness decreases rapidly soften the structure, resonance no longer exists, the earthquake force is also smaller. And yield strength for steel, after more than there is ductility, although the broken concrete, the saying goes, a broken bone still attached tendon,
38、the structure has not completely collapsed, plus ring beam, structural support columns, damage extended, as long as not sleeping at night, there should be some room for shelter and leaving valuable escape time, then the earthquake in the number of our compatriots will not go away.【Reference】1 Chen C
39、uirong. On the Seismic Design of Attention J. Shanxi Construction 2007,33 (3) :44-45.2 Tang Kau. Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete M. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 1989.3 United States Taiwan grams of Moscow. Building Structures: Analysis and Design and Application M. Tsinghua Universit
40、y Press, 2005. 地震带民用建筑由砖混向框架发展的必要趋势【摘要】地震是不可避免的自然灾害，但建筑结构的选择可以有效的减少它带来的损失，目前地震带民用建筑，尤其经济不发达地区的建筑结构多为砖混结构，其较差的抗震能力反而助长了地震的威风，而框架结构在地震中的优势就显得尤为明显，价格虽然高些，但与砖混结构相比，性价比更高。至于抗震能力更强的框架剪力墙结构等，其过高的价格和过低的普及度很难大范围建设。【关键词】砖混；框架；选择；性价比我国地处世界上两个最活跃的地震带中间，东濒环太平洋地震带，西部和西南部是欧亚地震带经过的地区，是世界上多地震国家之一，为此我们必须加强地震研究和预防工作。在
41、理论上造成地震破坏的3个主要因素是：地面水平运动加速、共振及能量的包容性。其实地震本身很难对人的生命安全构成威胁，绝大多数人员伤亡是受地震影响而倒塌或破坏的建筑造成的，通常，占地震伤亡人数的95。仅有不足5%的人员伤亡是直接由地震及地震引发的水灾、山体滑坡等次生灾害导致的，而没有抗震加固措施的砖混结构（砖墙加未拉结的预制混凝土楼板）造成的灾难尤为惨烈。1.房屋倒塌众多的原因在大地震中房屋倒塌如此之多，人员伤亡如此惨重，究竟问题出在何处？一种观点是：由于地震强度大，房屋建设疏于防范，设计上没有严格执行标准，再加上存在一定的偷工减料现象。对于这一点，是不可否认的人为原因，它是行政管理机制和建设施工
42、行为方面的漏洞，是人自身方面的原因。另一种观点认为，汶川地区欠发达，建筑房屋多以传统的砖混结构为主，且年久失修，已无法应对7级以上的地震，其实砖混结构房屋大量倒塌，并造成惨重人员伤亡的现象，早已在1976年唐山大地震上出现过。这一种观点从建筑本身结构上予以分析，需要我们科学对待地震，在结构抗震性能上认真加强，保持建筑物不倒，来最大限度的减少人员伤亡，至少不会像现在呈现在人们面前的如此恐怖。在四川省侨务部门对地处重灾区的69所“侨心学校”的调查中发现。受损学校41所，其中严重受损18所轻微受损23所，上述侨心学校无一坍塌。据应急评估专家回来讲，凡是砖混结构为现浇楼板并加构造柱的且按正规设计并把好
43、质量关的均没有倒塌，更别说框架结构和钢结构了。结构已是抗震的最后一道防线，由此来看结构的选择对于建筑物抗震性能的影响非同一般。.地震带结构的选择地震倒塌的房屋中，砖混结构的占绝大部分，先分析一下砖混结构。砖混结构是混合结构的一种，采用砖墙来承重，由于施工方面，建筑造价低等原因，几十年来一直是我国民用建筑的传统形式，比较适合开间进深小，房屋面积小，多层或低层的建筑。抗压性能好是其一大优点，但其缺点同样突出：自重大，强度低，使砌体结构承受的地震力也相对增大；砌筑工程繁重，基本采用人工方式砌筑，劳动量大，效率低下；黏土用量大，往往占用农田，影响农业生产；由于砌筑砂浆和砖石、砌块间的粘结力差，无筋砌体
44、的抗拉、抗弯及抗剪强度低，抗震及抗裂性能差且施工质量难控制，很容易对结构破坏，是刚性结构，为此地震多发区应慎用这种建筑结构。对于砖混结构的房屋有以下几个震害特征：（1）墙体破坏，水平地震作用使砌体房屋中的墙体受剪受弯。当与水平地震作用方向平行的墙肢截面高宽比接近1时，墙体以剪切变形为主；在剪力和竖向压力共同作用下，墙内主拉应力超出砌体强度，墙体出现斜裂缝；由于地震的反复作用，两方向斜裂缝交叉成X形；当墙肢高宽比较小时，则在墙体中间部位出现水平裂缝。（2）纵横墙连接处破坏。纵横墙连接处是砌体房屋的一个薄弱环节，地震时纵横墙相互作用，在交接出产生裂缝，导致纵墙向外倾斜或倒塌。（3）突出屋面的附属结
45、构破坏。突出屋面的房顶间、女儿墙等附属结构，由于地震时的“鞭端效应”影响，水平位移比较大，与结构缺乏可靠连接时，常发生倒塌破坏。震害统计表明，在强烈的地震作用下，多层砌体房屋主要是墙身与构件的连接破坏，且房屋层高大，层数多，震害相对越严重。该结构房屋因限于砌体材料本身的特性（延性差），加上结构整体性也比较差，在地震作用下极易出现开裂、破坏甚至倒塌现象。历次地震已经证明了这一点，汶川地震又是一次代价惨重的证明！ 至于框架结构，它是由梁、柱、基础三种构件共同承重，框架间由连系梁和楼面结构连成整体，墙体仅作填充隔断，不受力，所以房间布置灵活，门窗大小形状较自由，多用于7度以上抗震结构和大空间结构。框
46、架结构的侧向刚度较小，属于柔性结构，侧向位移大，在水平荷载作用下，变形曲线为剪切型。通过合理设计，框架结构能承受较大变形，并能有效吸收消耗地震能量，但过大层间变形会引起非结构构件破坏，故变形应控制在一定范围。在地震中，地震力使结构通过变形而积聚的能量（变形能）越来越大，变形与应力是成正比例的，如果达到极限强度，结构就会破坏，对于脆性的砖混结构，不易变形从而吸收了能量，强度也小，最容易破坏，反过来框架结构的自振周期在0.5秒以上，又是弹塑形的，可以积聚一定的能量，所以不易破坏。一个典型的例子是上世纪76年前唐山盖的面粉厂，由于套用了乌鲁木齐市的框架设计图纸，8度防震，在11度强烈地震也未破坏。另
47、一种比较好的结构就是框剪结构，它是框架结构和剪力墙两种体系的结合，吸取了各自的长处，其变形是剪弯型，具有良好的抗侧力性能，相比较框剪结构无论从抗震、稳定性、房屋坚韧性上等都优于砖混结构和框架结构，在地震中，框架和剪力墙成为房屋的“两道防线”，增加了结构体系的刚度和强度，是个柔性结构。框架抗震设计时应注意的几个问题首先，抗震地震带框架结构优先考虑现浇框架结构体系，其次是装配整体式框架结构体系，很少采用装配式，无论是现浇框架式还是预制框架式，均应尽量符合“强柱弱梁，强剪弱弯，强压弱拉，强节点弱构件”的抗震设计准则，使框架结构具有合理抗震破坏机制梁铰侧移机制，达到规范对框架抗裂设防的目标要求。当按一
48、级抗震设计时，现浇框架混凝土强度等级不宜低于c30；按二四级设计时不低于c20。其次，抗震框架柱截面尺寸应满足规范对轴压比限值要求，它是影响框架柱破坏形式和变形能力的重要因素。再者，抗震验算时不同的楼盖及布置(整体性)决定了采用刚性、刚柔、柔性理论计算。抗震验算时应特别注意场地土类别。8度超过5层有条件时，尽量加剪力墙，可大大改善结构的抗震性能。框架结构应设计成双向梁柱刚接体系，但也允许部分的框架梁搭在另一框架梁上。应加强垂直地震作用的设计，从震害分析，规范给出的垂直地震作用明显不足。砖混向框架发展的趋势建筑是为人设计的为生存的庇护场所,这是人类有建造技术以来不用说明的天经地义的道理,而现在,
49、我们在汶川特大地震中看到的是,用自己建造的房子夺取自己的生命，建筑却成为生命的杀手。其实在许多大城市根据相关规定，从2000年以后就不再允许使用砖混结构设计了，这也是提高防震级别的一种措施，但事实上有多少地方落实了这一政策，尤其像汶川这种曾名不见经传的小地方，为此我们要在全国尤其是地震带的建筑由砖混向框架等结构转变上多下些力气。那么现在我们来设想一下，如果汶川建筑大多采用框架结构，按7度设计，如达到9度，也刚达到破坏边缘。如实际地震是10度，虽然超过了极限强度，但当结构有裂缝后，刚度迅速降低，结构变软，共振不复存在，地震力也变小了。且因钢筋在超过屈服强度后还有延性，混凝土虽断，俗话说断了骨头还连着筋，结构还不会完全垮塌，再加上圈梁、构造柱的支持，破损时间延长，只要不是熟睡的夜晚，应该有一定的空间避难和留出宝贵的逃生时间，那么汶川地震中会有多少同胞不会离我们远去。【参考文献】1陈翠荣.关于工程抗震设计中应注意的问题J
