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1、本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Solar Urban Planning and Design文献、资料来源：期刊文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2011.5.12院 （部）： 专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师：翻译日期： 外文文献：Solar Urban Planning and DesignAbstract:In recent decades, urban population growth, the acceleration of energy consumption and energy price, the increase of public concerns
2、 about environmental pollution and the demolition of nonrenewable energies, have adverted the attention of different groups to the use of sustainable, available and clean solar energy as a sustainable energy.Specialists like architects and engineers have considered solar energy in designing systems,
3、 buildings and equipments. Straggle success achieved in the case, cause the progress of replacing solar systems in buildings and equipments instead of systems consuming unsustainable resources like fossil fuel to be accelerated. But they have not applied coherently yet. In other words, before the en
4、forcement of solar projects in cities, it is necessary to note all the dimensions related to their execution in order to reach their optimum efficiency. The goal that could be attained by long-time and multi dimensional planning.This paper guides the focus of urban and town planning and design on th
5、e application of solar energy. That urban planners should consider three aspects of environment, economy and society in three related elements of cities consisting buildings and urban spaces, urban infrastructures and urban land uses to achieve sustainable goals is discussed in this paper. So, after
6、 the review of few experiences, the issues and guidelines whose consideration lead to the more efficient solar urban planning and design are outlined.Key words: Solar Urban Planning- Solar Potential- Sustainable City- Solar Master Plan- Smart Infrastructure1. Introduction: the increase of attention
7、to solar energyThe increase of urban population, activities and technologies using fossil fuels, energy price, energy consumption and the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the destroy of non-renewable energy resources, are causing different experts including specialists r
8、elated to building and construction to look for alternative ways of energy provision. Building professionals have not considered the aim of good design aesthetically more and try to design the buildings characteristics and requirements in depend on the decrease of using fossil fuels and avoidance of
9、 wasting energy. Hagman(2005) says that great improvements in energy efficiency of buildings or the utilization of solar technologies on buildings have been made since 20 years ago. He says that visionary clients as well as a small but very active and innovativw community of architects, designers an
10、d engineers took the risk to use and to develop further solar technologies and strategies for urban plans and buildings (Hagman, 2005). He also addresses to the cultural movement of Bernhard Rudofsky in the middle of 1960s in holding an exhibition “ Architecture without Architects” in the Museum of
11、Modern Art, New York. Building examples presented in the exhibition are effective in the attraction of architects attention to the variety of design and structural solutions, Integration in the local landscape, exclusive use of locally available, natural construction materials, uniformity of the con
12、struction structures, application of traditional and time-tested construction techniques.In Germany, at the end of the 1960s a group of architects, designers, engineers and sociologist, called LOG ID, were aiming at a life within a green environment. The life and work in a greenhouse got tested and
13、promoted. Home designs, similar energy gaining and a heat storage. The idealistic goal was the dream of the self-supply(Hagemann,2005). Then, straggle efforts have been done and various concepts such as “ Biological design”, “Natural Design”, “AlternateBuilding Design”, “Sustainable Architecture”, “
14、Ecological Architecture”, “Solar Architecture”, “Organic Architecture”, “Vernacular Architecture”, “Climate Architecture”, “Green Architecture” and “Natural Architecture” have been created in order to create a healthy and environmentally friendly environment. Today these single approaches of the var
15、ious directions are adopted under the umbrella of an “ecological and solar building design” which aims at a holistic design approach(Hagemann,2005).“Ecological and Solar Building Design” can be described as any form of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself w
16、ith the living processes(Hagemann,2005). Some of the targets Hagman (2005) presented as the targets of ecological and solar design in its paper are lowest possible pollutant delivery at the environment,lowest possible power consumption from fossil energy resources, maximum use of renewable energy so
17、urces including the use of active and passive solar systems, exclusive use of renewable, recyclable and environmentally harmless construction materials, exclusion of all building materials with unhealthy out gassing, in particular if they are used inside the building, lowest possible interference of
18、 the environment including the use of land, improvement of the natural conditions for a diverse local-oriented animal and plant world, lowest possible consumption of drinking water, reduction and avoidance of the settlement waste to be deposited, optimal lifehygienic conditions and socially benefici
19、al living conditions, cost effective building construction, creation of a long-term use-value, i.e. the building must be easily adjustable, alterable and repairable.Although the effort, the limited information and knowledge of architects about new technologies and various designs of solar technologi
20、es and its strategies, the scarce of limitations of architectural plan, low knowledge of urban planners on consideration of prerequisites of buildingdevelopment and urban authorities inadequate attention in financial and educational programs to sample projects, prohibit the vast development of using
21、 the energy and related strategies in cities. Therefore, the frequent usage of solar technologies are limited to single buildings having no access to other energy sources or energy transfer to their placement is not economical.2. The necessity of using solar energy in urban scaleThere are three majo
22、r reasons that interpret the necessity of using solar energy in urban scale and the consideration of its prerequisites in urban planning and urban design scales. The first is theacceleration of urban population growth around the world and the global prediction results showing the exhausting of none-
23、renewable energy resources. In depend on the estimations done in Berlin, urban buildings consume 40% of urban energy mostly achieved by fossil fuel, while each building can provide its necessary energy from cheap, sustainable, clean and healthy solar energy by different methods of using solar energy
24、 specially through photovoltaic systems. The third reason is the long life of urban structures in comparison with urban planning life and infrastructures life. The difference and the possibility of changing urban infrastructure in order to use the maximum possible solar energy and the easy installat
25、ion and change of photovoltaic equipments on the buildings and even building reconstruction in this regard, are valuable and urgent because each action in urban buildings and infrastructures which are done today have the long result on the total urban structure.Using the approach, some of the cities
26、 such as Berlin and New York have started some changes and reparations of the construction of residential buildings. And also through the application of some bylaws and codes, they appreciate or obeyed occupants to alternate unsustainable energy resources in their houses with solar technologies.In a
27、ddition, without any doubt, urban authorities and local management have a key role on empowerment and persuasion of using solar energy among individual parts and different groups of the society by introducing some local policies and an appropriate legal framework. As a result, the development and ex
28、pansion of solar technologies in urban buildings could not be easily occurred without the consideration of necessary measures in urban scale. Berlin could be mentioned as asuccessful city in the application of solar technologies. In the city, in 1996, European Charter for Solar Energy in Architectur
29、e and Urban Planning” was set. The charter mentioned some instructions, standards, statutory regulations and laws to guide the design of building and urban spaces in such a way that natural resources will be conserved and renewable forms of energy-especially solar energy-will be used as extensively
30、as possible.Hagemann (2005) says that today, in some countries, such as Switzerland and Germany, approaches that were seen as “ecological” or “solar” in the past, are considered as a “state of the technology” and are applied for predominantly economic and technical reason.In this respect, some stand
31、ards are set for the serious application of solar technologies in Germany. Also, as Guedi et al (2006) say many cities like New York, San Francisco, Tel Aviv and Toronto have defined regulations to keep solar rights from a public point of view or to ensure the full use of private properties. In some
32、 countries such as Israel, although there are nogeneral regulations to ensure solar rights for either public or private properties, although environment assessment is required when tall buildings are designed (Capeluto & etc., 2006).Moreover, PV City Guide makes indications and recommendations how s
33、trategic urban policies can be developed in order to increase the use of photovoltaics(Nowak & Gutschner, 2001). In addition, a solar urban master plan for Berlin was created by Ecofys in 2004 at the request of the City Council in order to determine the solar potentials of the different city quarter
34、s(Lindner, 2007). 3. Methods of using solar energy in citiesIn recent years, solar energy is applied by different systems and for different aims. The first method is using solar thermal energy in two ways: in the first method, the energy is used in house equipments and other daily necessity tools su
35、ch as solar heating, ventilation and airconditioning system and Solar water disinfection system.The second method of using solar energy is solar cells or a kind of installation named Photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic is perhaps the most promising active solar technology utilized on a building. Differe
36、nt from other solar technologies it has achieved a popularity and offers sophisticated design solutions for various applications on a building (Hagemann,2005).Photovoltaics offers unique opportunities to produce (solar) electricity in the urban environment.There is in fact hardly any other renewable
37、 energy technology with such a potential in the urban context. This can make photovoltaics increasingly interesting when considered in the local urban design as well as in the local energy portfolio(Nowak &Gutschner, 2001).4. Solar Urban PlanningThe aim of solar building, which is similar to solar b
38、uilding design and ecological design, is the reduction of using fossil fuel, efficient use of energy, providing environmentally friendly, healthy and economical style of life and use the solar energy actively and inactively through the complete and accurate understanding of ecological condition. Sol
39、ar urban planning means integration of energy efficiency and solar energy in town planning via urban renewal, urban removal and new developments (Lindner,2007). The choose of technical and planning measures that are useful in solar urban planning and solar building projects economically and technica
40、lly depends on the specific characteristics of each project such as topography, climate, consumers demands and the financial resources of the project.Determining a correct vision and practical goals are important steps of solar planning like every planning programs. Considering the importance of usi
41、ng solar energy and determining appropriate goals in this direct are essential. For example, the visions of the strategic program of solar city Gteborg until 2050 are the development of sustainable energy systems for a sustainable community, smart and efficient use of energy, renewable energy supply
42、, changing life-styles and shifts in values, energy efficient urban planning, energy storage in a Hydrogen society. Therefore, urban planners should reflect the aspects in three important elements of cities include:- Buildings and urban spaces- Urban land uses- Infrastructures ( the provision and tr
43、ansformation grid of energy)5. Conclusion and proposed guidelines:According to the different cities experiments throughout the world on applying solar energy, three issues including comprehensive study, appropriate and integrated management and legal context in order to efficient solar urban plannin
44、g are outlined:5.1.Comprehensive Study: according to the issue, the preparation of solar master plans in order to coordinate different sectors of a city, the correct presentation of visions, goals and objectives for the plan and the realistic definition of administrative procedures, the purposeful s
45、urvey of local and traditional architecture in order to the discovery of efficient construction methods to decrease energy consumption of buildings, the preparation of priority plans for investment on solar plans in 2 levels including regional and city or neighborhood level, the provision of necessa
46、ry infrastructure parallel to the expansion of using solar networks in cities to encourage residents to apply solar technologies in their buildings, the consideration of economical proficiency of plans for all of the community groups and the consideration of three aspects of sustainable development
47、during the planning and administration process, applying various forecasting and modeling methods to consider all the aspects of a solar city and using the smart growth guidelines to decrease the energy consumption are recommended.5.2.Appropriateand integrated management: integrated, purposeful, int
48、ellectual and creative management is necessary in the efficiency of every new plan. Therefore, the managers should hold training and informative programs related to the necessity of applying solar energy to various groups of a community and provide the opportunities of more and better cooperation of
49、 engineers, architects, urban designers and planners during the urban planning process in order to the increase of solar technologies application and new construction methods throughout cities. Because the urban managers are the authorities of public financial resources, the funding programs, orienting public and private investments and inventive programs should be prepared by them too.
