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1、外文资料译文Single-chipSCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control.Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU o
2、n a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTELsZ80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.Are 8-bit mic
3、rocontroller early or4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial
4、control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widel
5、y used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over
6、300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end 1 model only 10 dollars.Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded oper
7、ating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the
8、application. In fact the number of SCM is the worlds largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip.Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as
9、 a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computin
10、g the sum, or even more than the number of human beingsSingle chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip.Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices.
11、 General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice.SCM and the computer functions inte
12、rnally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it . some c
13、ontrol for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! . It is primarily as a control section of the core componentsIt is an online real-time control computer, control-line
14、 is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.Single chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique featu
15、res, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50s with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the
16、United States if the 70s with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software
17、 or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single c
18、hip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device.A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PCs hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to
19、be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three power era, that is, th
20、e age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is
21、 to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical stomach in. It is in the de
22、vice, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were
23、using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circ
24、uit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.SCM historySCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SOC three stages.First model 1.SCM the sin
25、gle chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. Innovation model success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded
26、systems, Intel Corporation contributed.2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object
27、of intelligent control.It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCUs responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the
28、most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not
29、 forget Intel and Philips in History. Embedded SystemsEmbedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SOC trend of
30、the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.MCU applicationsS
31、CM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data process
32、ing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent
33、instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers. SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialize
34、d equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:1. In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use
35、, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and f
36、unctionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).2. In the industrial control applicationWith the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory
37、assembly line of intelligent control3. In Household Appliancescan be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipr
38、esent. 4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all c
39、ommunication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc
40、.5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applicationsSCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system. 6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular
41、 applications Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (t
42、he principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card). In large circuits, modular
43、applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace. 7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intell
44、igent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc. In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.Application of six important part of learningMCU
45、 learning an important part of the six applications 1, Bus: We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between
46、 the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the
47、individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus Zhong Each device Gongtong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this d
48、oes not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to be controlled by controlling the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple d
49、evices to receive both). Devices data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or external memory in the microcontroller and other devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use, distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lines is called the address bus.Second, data, address, command
