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1、工程管理 业设计论文外文文献翻译中英文对照-目管理的演变 毕业论文外文资料翻译 系别: 管理系 专业: 工程管理 班级: 管081 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:The Evolution of Project Management附 件:1、外文原文;2、外文资料翻译译文。指导教师评语: 签字: 年 月 日The Evolution of Project ManagementBy Sandro Azzopardi Importance of Project Management is an important topic because all organisations, be they sm
2、all or large, at one time or other, are involved in implementing new undertakings. These undertakings may be diverse, such as, the development of a new product or service; theestablishment of a new production line in a manufacturing enterprise; a public relationspromotion campaign; or a major buildi
3、ng programme. Whilst the 1980s were about quality and the 1990s were all about globalisation, the 2000s are about velocity. That is, to keep ahead of their competitors, organisations are continually faced with the development of complex products, services and processes with very short time-to-market
4、 windows combined with the need for cross-functional expertise. In this scenario, project management becomes a very important and powerful tool in the hands of organisations that understand its use and have the competencies to apply itThe development of project management capabilities in organisatio
5、ns, simultaneously with the application of information management systems, allow enterprise teams to work in partnership in defining plans and managing take-to-market projects by synchronising team-oriented tasks, schedules, and resource allocations. This allows cross-functional teams to create and
6、share project information. However, this is not sufficient, information management systems have the potential to allow project management practices to take place in a real-time environment. As a consequence of this potential project management proficiency, locally, nationally or globally dispersed u
7、sers are able to concurrently view and interact with the same updated project information immediately, including project schedules, threaded discussions, and other relevant documentation. In this scenario the term dispersed user takes on a wider meaning. It not only includes the cross-functional man
8、agement teams but also experts drawn from the organisations supply chain, and business partners. On a macro level organisations are motivated to implement project management techniques to ensure that their undertakings small or major are delivered on time, within the cost budget and to the stipulate
9、d quality. On a micro level, project management combined with an appropriate information management system has the objectives of: a reducing project overhead costs; b customising the project workplace to fit the operational style of the project teams and respective team members; c proactively inform
10、ing the executive management strata of the strategic projects on a real-time basis; d ensuring that project team members share accurate, meaningful and timely project documents; and e ensuring that critical task deadlines are met. Whilst the motivation and objectives to apply project management in o
11、rganisations is commendable, they do not assure project successHowever, before discussing the meaning and achievement of project success it is appropriate at this stage to provide a brief history of project management. Brief History of Project Management Project management has been practiced for tho
12、usands of years dating back to the Egyptian epoch, but it was in the mid-1950s that organisations commenced applying formal project management tools and techniques to complex projects. Modern project management methods had their origins in two parallel but different problems of planning and control
13、in projects in the United States. The first case involved the U.S Navy, which at that time was concerned with the control of contracts for its Polaris Missile project. These contracts consisted of research, development work and manufacturing of parts that were unique and had never been previously un
14、dertakenThis particular project was characterised by high uncertainty, since neither cost nor time could be accurately estimated. Hence, completion times were based on probabilities. Time estimates were based on optimistic, pessimistic and most likely. These three time scenarios were mathematically
15、assessed to determine the probable completion date. This procedure The Evolution of Project Management 2 was called program evaluation review technique PERT. Initially, the PERT technique did not take into consideration cost. However, the cost feature was later included using the same estimating app
16、roach as with time. Due to the three estimation scenarios, PERT was found and still is to be best suited for projects with a high degree of uncertainty reflecting their level of uniqueness. The second case, involved the private sector, namely, E.I du Pont de Nemours Company, which had undertaken to
17、construct major chemical plants in U.S. Unlike the Navy Polaris project, these construction undertakings required accurate time and cost estimates. The methodology developed by this company was originally referred to as project planning and scheduling PPS. PPS required realistic estimates of cost an
18、d time, and is thus a more definitive approach than PERT. The PPS technique was later developed into the critical path method CPM that became very popular with the construction industry. During the 1960s and 1970s, both PERT and CPM increased their popularity within the private and public sectors. D
19、efence Departments of various countries, NASA, and large engineering and construction companies world wide applied project management principles and tools to manage large budget, schedule-driven projects. The popularity in the use of these project management tools during this period coincided with t
20、he development of computers and the associated packages that specialised in project management. However, initially these computer packages were very costly and were executed only on mainframe or mini computers. The use of project management techniques in the 1980s was facilitated with the advent of
21、the personal computer and associated low cost project management software. Hence, during this period, the manufacturing and software development sectors commenced to adopt and implement sophisticated project management practices as well. By the 1990s, project management theories, tools and technique
22、s were widely received by different industries and organisations. Four periods in the development of modern project management. 1 Prior to 1958: Craft system to human relations. During this time, the evolution of technology, such as, automobiles and telecommunications shortened the project schedule.
23、 For instance, automobiles allowed effective resource allocation and mobility, whilst the telecommunication system increased the speed of communication. Furthermore, the job specification which later became the basis of developing the Work Breakdown Structure WBS was widely used and Henry Gantt inve
24、nted the Gantt chart. Examples of projects undertaken during this period as supported by documented evidence include: a Building the Pacific Railroad in 1850s; b Construction of the Hoover Dam in 1931-1936, that employed approximately 5,200 workers and is still one of the highest gravity dams in the
25、 U.S. generating about four billion kilowatt hours a year; and c The Manhattan Project in 1942-1945 that was the pioneer research and development project for producing the atomic bomb, involving 125,000 workers and costing nearly $2 billion. 2 1958-1979: Application of Management Science. Significan
26、t technology advancement took place between 1958 and 1979, such as, the first automatic plain-paper copier by Xerox in 1959. Between 1956 and 1958 several core project management tools including CPM and PERT were introduced. However, this period was characterised by the rapid development of computer
27、 technology. The progression from the mainframe to the mini-computer in the 1970s made computers affordable to medium size companies. In 1975, Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft. Furthermore, the evolution of computer technology facilitated the emergence of several project management softwa
28、re companies, including, Artemis 1977, Oracle 1977, and Scitor Corporation 1979. In the 1970s other project management tools such as Material Requirements Planning MRP were also introduced. Examples of projects undertaken during this period and which influenced the development of modem project manag
29、ement as we know it today include: a Polaris missile project initiated in 1956 that had the objective of delivering nuclear missiles carried by submarines, known as Fleet Ballistic Missile for the U.S Navy. The project successfully launched its first Polaris missile in 1961; b Apollo project initiat
30、ed in 1960 with the objective of sending man to the moon; and c E.I du Pont de Nemours chemical plant project commencing in 1958, that had the objective of building major chemical production plants across the U.S. The Evolution of Project Management 3 3 1980-1994: Production Centre Human Resources.
31、The 1980s and 1990s are characterised by the revolutionary development in the information management sector with the introduction of the personal computer PC and associated computer communications networking facilities. This development resulted in having low cost multitasking PCs that had high effi
32、ciency in managing and controlling complex project schedules. During this period low cost project management software for PCs became widely available that made project management techniques more easily accessible. Examples of major projects undertaken during this period that illustrate the applicati
33、on of high technology, and project management tools and practices include: a England France Channel project, 1989 to1991. This project was an international project that involved two governments, several financial institutions, engineering construction companies, and other various organisations from
34、the two countries. The language, use of standard metrics, and other communication differences needed to be closely coordinated; b Space Shuttle Challenger project, 1983 to 1986. The disaster of the Challenger space shuttle focused attention on risk management, group dynamics, and quality management;
35、 and c xv Calgary Winter Olympic of 1988, which successfully applied project management practices to event management. 4 1995-Present: Creating a New Environment. This period is dominated by the developments related to the Internet that changed dramatically business practices in the mid 1990s. The I
36、nternet has provided fast, interactive, and customised new medium that allows people to browse, purchase, and track products and services online instantly. This has resulted in making firms more productive, more efficient, and more client oriented. Furthermore, many of todays project management soft
37、ware have an Internet connectivity feature. This allows automatic uploading of data so that anyone around the globe with a standard browser can: a input the most recent status of their assigned tasks; b find out how the overall project is doing; c be informed of any delays or advances in the schedul
38、e, while working independently at a remote site. An example of a major project undertaken during this period is the Year 2000 Y2K project.The Y2K Project, known as the millennium bug referred to the problem that computers may not function correctly on January lst, 2000 at 12 AM. This was a global ph
39、enomenon and was highly problematic because resolving the problem at ones organisation did not guarantee immunity, since a breakdown in the organisations supply chain could affect the organisations operating capability. Many organisations set up a project office to control and comply with their stak
40、eholders regarding the Y2K issue. Furthermore, use of the Internet was common practice that led to the establishment of the virtual project office. The goal of this virtual project office was: a to deliver uninterrupted turn-of-the-century; b monitor Y2K project efforts; c provide coordination; d de
41、velop a risk management plan; and e communicate Y2K compliance efforts with various stakeholders. Thus, the virtual project office was a focal point for all the project works, and it increased the awareness and importance of risk management practices to numerous organisationsWhy Project ManagementTh
42、ere is no doubt that organisations today face more aggressive competition than in the past and the business environment they operate in is a highly turbulent one. It should be emphasised that the causes for the failure to deliver on time, on budget and to the quality of performance expected could be
43、 addressed by the application of project management practices. Furthermore, the failure to deliver on time, on budget and to the quality of performance expected does not necessarily mean that the project was itself a failure. At this stage what is being discussed is the effectiveness and efficiency
44、of project execution and not whether a project is a success or failureConclusion Project management should be viewed as a tool that helps organisations to execute designated projects effectively and efficiently. The use of this tool does not automatically guarantee project success. project success w
45、ill be discussed in a subsequent issue. However, in preparation for the next issue, I would like you to think about the distinction between project success and project management success. This distinction will provide further insight to the questions: Why are some projects perceived as failures when
46、 they have met all the traditional standards of success, namely, completed on time, completed within budget, and meeting all the technical specifications? Why are some projects perceived to be successful when they have failed to meet two important criteria that are traditionally associated with succ
47、ess, namely, not completed on time and not completed within budget? Sandro Azzopardi is a professional author who writes articles on various subjects on his web site and local newspapers and magazines. You can visit information about this article and others on The Info Pit 项目管理的演变 桑德罗阿泽帕迪 项目管理的重要性,是
48、一个重要的课题,因为所有的组织,无论是或大或小,在同一时间或其他参与实施新的事业。这些事业可能是多种多样的,例如,开发一个新产品或服务;建立一个新的生产线;在制造企业公共关系推广活动或重大建设方案。80年代有关质量; 90年代关于全球化,二十一世纪关于速度。也就是说,要保持领先其竞争对手,组织不断面临发展复杂的产品,服务和进程在很短的时间与市场的窗口相结合还有跨职能专业知识的需要。在这种情况下,项目管理成为在了解它的使用者手中的非常重要和强大的工具。在组织发展中的项目管理能力,同时与信息管理系统的应用,使企业团队工作定义计划和管理团队同步。考虑到市场项目的合作伙伴面向的任务,时间安排和资源分配。这允许跨职能团队创建和共享项目信息。然而,这是不够的,信息管理系统有可能使项目管理者根据地方环境采取实时管理方案。在当地,由于这种潜在的项目管理能力,使国家或分散在全球各地的用户能够同时查看和具有相同互动;立即更新的项目信息的能力,包括项目进度,主题讨论,和其他有关文件。在这种情况下,长期分散的用户需要有更广泛的意义。它不仅仅包括跨职能的管理团队。专家们还定义组织的供应链和业务合作伙伴。在宏观层面上组织积极实施项目管理技术以确保他们的事业(小的或主要的)在成本预算范围内按时交付,并保证规定的质量。在微观层面上,与项目管理相结合信息管
