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1、外文翻译原文-中小型企业国际化：以知识为基础的模型 J Int Entrep 2010 8156 167 DOI 101007s10843-010-0058-6 Small- and medium-sized enterprise internationalization Towards the knowledge-based model Kais Mejri Katsuhiro Umemoto Published online 16 April 2010 Springer ScienceBusiness Media LLC 2010 Abstract Firm internationaliz
2、ation research has grown throughout the last 50 years resulting in a number of theories and models Although each theory and model enables us to see some parts of the picture a holistic approach is needed to provide us a full picture The so-called knowledge-based models proposed so far drew upon the
3、transaction cost theory the social capital theory and the knowledge management models This paper reviews previous research and builds a more comprehensive knowledge-based model of small- and medium-sized enterprises internationalization The model includes knowledge factors which we identified from i
4、nternational- ization literature These include the market knowledge and the experiential knowledge composed of network knowledge cultural knowledge and entrepreneur- ial knowledge Acquisition as well as utilization of each kind of knowledge during the different phases of internationalization is pres
5、ented The model is a step towards deeper understanding of the role of knowledge in SME internationalization Keywords Internationalization SME Knowledge-based model Market Network Experience Culture Opportunity recognition Introduction Small- and medium-sized enterprise internationalization has been
6、studied from a variety of perspectives Theories and models have been proposed to explain the international involvement of the firm including the economic theory the process or stages models the innovation-related models I-models the pre-export and export- K Mejri K Umemoto Graduate School of Knowled
7、ge Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai Nomi City Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan e-mail kaismejrijcom K Umemoto e-mail umejcom Small- and medium-sized enterprise internationalization Towards the knowledge-based model 157 start models the network theory and the internation
8、al entrepreneurship theory Each of these theories and models has shed light on some aspect of internationalization and provided us with some insightful results However previous research in this field has limitations mainly concerning the focus of many studies on some aspect of internationalization a
9、nd the neglect to consider other aspects This has resulted in clarifying some aspects but still the full picture of internationalization needs to be clarified Indeed some research that reviewed the literature about firm internationalization has suggested a holistic approach Coviello and McAuley 1999
10、 Leonidou and Katsikeas 1996 Ruzzier et al 2006 to clarify a complex phenomenon such as internationalization The attempts to create a holistic approach about internationalization have already been started ie Bell et al 2003 Etemad 2004 But there is still a need for models that succeed to integrate t
11、he main findings of previous literature This paper is an attempt to present small and medium enterprise SME internationalization from a knowledge perspective trying to be more integrative of previous findings The aim is to present a knowledge-based model of SME internationalization To attain that ob
12、jective we will answer three questions 1 what are the theories and models of firm internationalization that have been proposed so far 2 Why there is a need for a new perspective to explain internationalization and particularly for the knowledge-based perspective 3 What are the knowledge factors and
13、the model proposed Theories and models of firm internationalization For few decades authors concerned with internationalization of companies have attempted to define internationalization One stream sees internationalization as a process in which firms increase their involvement in foreign markets Jo
14、hanson and Vahlne 1977 Welch and Luostarinen 1988 1 For another stream internationaliza- tion is the adaptation of firms operations to international environments Calof and Beamish 1995 While the debate about a precise definition of internationalization is still continuing the stance adopted in this
15、paper is that internationalization is the expansion of the firms operations to foreign markets Internationalization is not necessary a process it could be resulting from punctual and independent action Accordingly the review of papers about firm internationalization will cover their different action
16、s as internationalization Before reviewing some important research work about SME internationalization it is important to see the theories and models that have been proposed to explain the international business Actually studies about SME internationalization are relatively new comparing to those ab
17、out multinational companies or about trade between nations While economic theories have been proposed since more than two centuries theories about SME internationalization have started about two decades ago 1 The definition of Welch and Luostarinen 1988 is widely used in the literature on firm inter
18、nationalization 158 K Mejri K Umemoto Economic theories are the first to explain international trade between nations ie Smith 1776 Ricardo 1817 From the middle of the twentieth century research began to focus on the microeconomic level Economic theories have studied the internationalization of multi
19、national enterprises MNEs These theories are mainly the product life cycle theory Vernon 1966 the transaction cost theory Williamson 1975 the internalization theory Buckley and Casson 1976 and the eclectic theory Dunning 1977 Meanwhile in the 1960s a behavioral theory of the firm was proposed by Cye
20、rt and March 1963 opening new explanations of firm internationalization Building on that theory Aharoni 1966 proposed the foreign investment theory explaining the decision of US MNEs to invest abroad During the 1970s research was carried out in Nordic countries ie Johanson and Vahlne 1977 Johanson a
21、nd Wiedersheim-Paul 1975 about internationalization patterns This research has resulted in Uppsala models U models 2 Other research studies drawing on Roger s 1962 work about the diffusion of innovations proposed innovation-related models I-models ie Lee and Brasch 1978 Reid 1981 Simmonds and Smith
22、1968 Another stream tried to explain pre- export ie Olson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1978 Wiedersheim-Paul et al 1978 and export-start phases ie Dichtl et al 1984 Simpson and Kujawa 1974 In the 1980s studies began to use network theory ie Johanson and Mattsson 1986 Johanson and Vahlne 1990 as a framework
23、to explain firm internationalization Around the late 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s as a growing number of small entrepreneurial firms also called international new ventures internationalized from their inception a new stream has emerged that is the international entrepreneurship ie McDougall
24、and Oviatt 2000 At the beginning of the 21st century some integrative models of firm internationalization were proposed ie Bell et al 2003 Etemad 2004 The most recent models are the knowledge-based models of internationalization ie Kuivalainen et al 2003 Saarenketo et al 2004 These theories and mode
25、ls have clarified different aspects about firm internation- alization However there is still a need to see the whole picture The need for a new perspective to internationalization The need for a new perspective to explain firm internationalization is mainly due to the complexity of internationalizat
26、ion Each perspective proposed so far only explains partly the phenomenon Internationalization is a complex phenomenon Complexity is the state of having many different parts connected or related to each other in a complicated way Collins Cobuild 2006 Related literature as presented in the previous se
27、ction shows that internationalization is a phenomenon influenced by a number of factors These include decision maker network firm characteristics culture environment and so Therefore to understand internationalization it is necessary to understand the factors that make it happen or at least the main
28、 ones This leads to the integration 2 Also named process or establishment chain or stage models Small- and medium-sized enterprise internationalization Towards the knowledge-based model 159 of different perspectives This idea is supported by number of reviews about this subject In fact a number of s
29、tudies reviewing SME internationalization literature support the integration of findings of different theoretical perspectives for a better understanding of the phenomenon For instance Coviello and McAuley 1999 based on a review of empirical studies carried out between 1989 and 1998 about the SME in
30、ternationalization process concluded that integrating three theoretical approaches which are the stage model approach network perspective and foreign direct investment theory could better explain SME internationalization Similarly in a more recent study reviewing SME internationalization research Ru
31、zzier et al 2006 suggest the integration of five perspectives namely process models innovation models network approach resource-based perspective as well as international entrepreneurship theory in order to understand internationalization In the same way Leonidou and Katsikeas 1996 carried out a rev
32、iew of export model- building studies of manufacturing SMEs between 1975 and 1995 Based on criticisms addressed to these models by other research work they concluded that existing models provide only a partial and sometimes misleading explanation of the export development process thus limiting theor
33、etical advancement in this field of international business Likewise Leonidou et al 1998 based on a review of research work done between 1960 and 1995 about managerial influences on exporting suggested that future studies should include not only managerial but also firm and environment influences on
34、exporting In the same fashion Fillis 2001 in his review of small firm internationalization concluded that the majority of frameworks fail to readily explain small firm internationalization behaviour Furthermore Etemad and Wright 1999 state that no single established model adequately explains the suc
35、cess of these small firms in their internationalization Rather their behaviour must be regarded as a holistic process in which insights are drawn from a variety of theoretical models including the stage models FDI theories and network theories The attempts to integrate findings about SME internation
36、alization have already been started and some models have been proposed For example Fletcher 2001 proposed a conceptual framework of a holistic approach of firm internationalization The framework presents three different forms that could take the internationalization activities outward ie direct expo
37、rt inward ie import and linked ie strategic alliances These three forms are influenced by each other and are under the influence of internal and external environment In his survey of Australian firms mostly SMEs the results showed the validity of some propositions in the framework Another integrativ
38、e model is that of Bell et al 2003 in which they presented the different pathways that could follow the internationalization of small firms Three pathways were identified the first one is the penetration of foreign markets incrementally traditional firms the second one is the internationalization in
39、 a very fast pace born globals and the third one is entering into foreign markets at first like traditional firms but due to some improvements the pace of penetration become faster born-again global In this model knowledge as a source of competitive advantage is crucial for born-globals Worthy to no
40、te also that the manager s characteristics and his mental model influence directly which pathway to choose Also Etemad 2004 presented an integrative framework in which the 160 K Mejri K Umemoto internationalizing SME is under three forces the pushing forces to internationalize which are entrepreneur
41、ial the pull forces which are external to the firm and pull it towards internationalization and the mediating forces which are resulting from the interactions between push and pull forces The influences of these three forces depend on the internal characteristics of the SME In other research studies
42、 integrative models adopted a knowledge-based perspective To begin with Kuivalainen et al 2003 adapting the model of Blomqvist et al3 2000 presented a framework for firm internationalization Furthermore Saarenketo et als 2004 based on evolutionary economics presented a knowledge management model for internationalization In this model the entrepreneur s role is to find new combinations variation from int
