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1、外文翻译-创新区域集群和Milieux 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目 Innovative RegionsClusters and Milieux 出 处Innovation System Frontiers Advances in Spatial Science 2009 33-58 作 者 Brian Wixted 原 文33 The Geography of AgglomerationComparing how sub-national regional strengths evolve across time has beenvery difficult until quite rec
2、entlyin comparison to analysing national development trends due to data limitations There is a growing opportunity for improved analysis of regional activitiesadvantages and trends as national statistical agencies focus more of their effort on collecting data at various spatial scalesAcross the Euro
3、pean Unionthere is multi-country structural pattern of uneven regional developmentCombes and Overman 2003 identify a strong pattern of core and periphery5 regionsWhen analysed for their proximity to markets GDPper capita regions in Western GermanyNorthern France and South East England are revealed a
4、s the concentrated zone of value added GDP for EuropeThe authors reveal that beyond this core there is a graduated drop in GDP per capita as distance increasesIn these EU economiesregional income converged between countries in the period 1980 to 1999but regional income disparities within countries w
5、idened see Le Gallo and Dallerba 2003 Interestinglythe degree of industry concentration in the USA at state level and Europes regions6 is not significantly differentbut in Europethe trend has been towards greater regional concentration more rapidly than in the USA see Andaluz et al2002 The underlyin
6、g drivers of such trends are still hotly debatedThere are many arguments for the economic significance of regional concentrations but one of the more important ones is that knowledge generation is spatially agglomerated and knowledge diffuses poorly across distance see the next section on theories o
7、f proximity The cumulative nature of knowledge explored in Chap2 and the link between the generation of knowledge and the ability to benefit economically is likely to be one set of characteristics that contribute to uneven developmentcom Knowledge and Innovation GeographyGDPnot the only characterist
8、ic of economies that is highly agglomeratedpatenting activity is as wellEurostat 2002 has analysed the geographic dispersion of patent applications for the EU 15 group of countries across statistical regionsTable 33 lists the top 15 regions for high technology7 patent applications per mill of labour
9、 force In 2000there were nearly 57500 applications to the European Patent Office EPO for patents from all regions within the EUs then 15 member statesThis included 10500 applications for patents in high-tech industriesThe geographic distribution of the patents is highly concentrated21 regions out of
10、 211 accounted for more than half of all the patent applications filed with the EPOand only 13 regions produced more than half of the high-tech applications Eurostat 2002 In asimilar veinPaci and Usai 2000 analysed innovation patents per million inhabitants labour productivity and industrial special
11、isation in 109 regions in Europereporting that there is a tendency towards the formation in Europe of highly specialized technological enclavesespecially in some sectorsmachinerytransport equipment and energyMoreoverwe have documented how the spatial and sectoral specialization of innovative and pro
12、ductive activities is positively and significantly correlated p108 Thereforethere is a link between the degree of specialisation in knowledge generationseen in patent applicationsand the pattern of industry specialisation Howeverpatenting may not provide a good indicator of innovative behaviour beca
13、use a few urban centres may be the base for the major corporate research and developme-nt facilities and thus be the sites for patent initiationThis would not indicate whetherinnovation is geographically agglomeratedBy analysing data from the European Co-mmunity Innovation Survey on businesses that
14、identify them-selves as innovating and identifying them by regionEvangelista et al 2002 reveal that there were only a limit-ed number of areas of Italy which could be described as regional innovation system-sBeaudry and Breschi add an important dimension to this findingThey report that firms are mor
15、e likely to be innovative if they areco-located with other innovative firms and in thepresence of spillovers associated with a large accumulated stock of knowledge 2003p339 The converse is also truedisadvantages arise from the stro-ng presenceof non-innovative firms in a clusterBeaudry and Breschi f
16、ound for Italybut not for the UKthat the presence of firms in related industries enhanced innovativ-enessThusthere are economies to innovativenessin thatregions that are innovatives-timulate more innovative activityFinallyconcentrations of entrepreneurial innovativ-eness revealed through new firm bi
17、rths had better employment growth prospects than places that have a higher reliance on large corporations in a comparison of 74 districts across West Germany see Audretsch and Fritsch 2002 Clearlythere is strong evidence that production and innovation clusters within part-icular locations in economi
18、es are relatedThere is also good evidence that there are st-rong dynamics that drive a tendency for knowledge to be localisedThese findings are not in dispute herewhat matters in this bookis not that clustering occursbut the imp-rtance the rolescale and spatial structure of external links whichit is
19、 argued here have not been thoroughly exploredto dateA general tendency towards proximity for knowledge and industry is the not the sameas specifying how those agglomerations fit within multi-spatial innovations systemscom systems of systemscom Supply ArchitectureAs innovation and production cluster
20、ing appear relateddata on value chain interde-pendencies can provide useful descriptive informationMeasuring production interde-pendencies at both the national and regional levels has been used to locate clusters e-conomically and geographically and to describe the scope and density of relationsIn-p
21、ut-output I-O methodologies have been used widely see for example OECD 1999d and 2001c to map value chains because it can trace the flow of intermediate goods and servicesSuch flows are the supply and use of industrial ingredients which are required for further processingAt this pointto analyse valu
22、e chains through a time dimension with I-O data is most easily conducted at the national scaleMost regional analyses exist only as one off studies At the regional levelTrends Business Research 2001 utilised I-O and value added data to identify clusters in the United KingdomFeser and Bergman 2000 use
23、d national input-output data and economic data for the American State of North Carolina to create information on regional supply chain clustering patterns in that StateThe benefit of their approach is that it identifies inter-industry linkages and thus vertical and horizontal linkages at the sub-nat
24、ional level rather than just relying upon location quotient approachesIn researchthat could prove to be complimentary to existing approaches that map industry inter-linkagesHoen 2002a has developed a methodology for calculating the importance of particular linkages to potential clusters and is thus
25、able to determinest-atisticallylinkages that are within a particular cluster and those outsideNot only can I-O data beused to understand the web of industry relationships see Haukness 1999 at a point in timeit can also be used to measure changes across timeWixted 2005 has established that at the nat
26、ional levelbusiness to business relations intermediate input-output relations were relatively stable during a 20 year period 19701990 for 9 countriesThe charts reveal important changessuch as the growth of value chains based around service industries generallyand business services in partic-ularWith
27、 a view to the question behind the present researchthe charts provide some evidence that tempers the commonly held view that western economies lost significant amounts of manufacturing activity during this period Supplies to manufa-cturing industriesoften from other manufacturing industries which ar
28、e obviously not the same as goods for final consumption often grew at the same rate as the economy overall and thus remained surprisingly stable as a share of GDPA number of general characteristics appear from Wixteds analysis of OECD econ-omies with matrices of 33 industries by 33 industriesThese i
29、ncludeMostlyintra-industry connections for manufacturing could be seen as generally stable with the rate of growth of GDPwith declines of typically outside of some in Japan at less than one per cent of GDP for the periodThe largest apparent decline was for intra-industry iron and steel supplies in J
30、apanThere was a widespread decline in textiles and clothing industry suppliesmo-stly to the textiles and clothing industryandSupplies growth in the service sector is clearly visible for most countriesparticularlyin industries such as business services Input-output relationsthe structure of ingredien
31、ts that it takes to make a given productlook to be much more resilient to dra-matic change when compared to other variables such as employment or an industrys overall share of GDPTotal manufacturing employment declined in many OECD countries during the 1970s and 1980s see Godbout 1993 Manufacturings
32、 share of GDP for OECD countries8 has also been constantly decliningshifting from 291in 1960 to 28in 1968 to 216 in 1990 and then to 199in 1995Thuswithin the space of 20 yearsmanufacturings share of GDP had declined by 229for the OECD a share that is representative of the decline in individual count
33、riessee OECD 1999e67 The comparatively stable nature of inter-industry linkages is supported by Verspagen who notes that for the US economythe linkage structure is rather sticky译 文创新区域集群和Milieux33城市集群地理上的凝聚比较如何跨越时间来发展区域分国家优势已经非常困难直到最近比较国家发展趋势分析时由于数据的局限显得更加困难有一个区域活动优势趋势分析来提高国家统计机构着重于努力收集不同空间尺度的数据的机会整
34、个欧洲联盟还有许多个国家的区域发展的结构模式是不平衡的Combers和overman2003确定了在欧洲的一个强势格局的核心和周边5个地区法国北部和英格兰东南部作为在分析他们的邻近市场国内生产总值时揭示作为新增国内生产总值价值的集中区笔者发现超出这个核心根据远离核心距离的增加人均国内生产总值成累进程度的下降在1980年到1999年期间在这些欧盟国家经济中各地区收入和国家收入是趋于相同的但是国家内的各区域的收入差距却在扩大 see Le Gallo and Dallerba 2003 有趣的是行业集中度的程度在美国国家级别和欧洲地区是不没有什么不同的但是在欧洲走向更大的区域集群的这一趋势的速度有
35、超过美国 see Andaluz et al2002 这种趋势的潜在动力依然存在激烈的辩论有很多集中区域经济意义的论点但更重要的是知识的产生使得空间形成区域块状知识的扩散使得距离的影响变小如同现在所说的地球有地球村的概念是一个道理 see the next section on theories of proximity 知识的累积性Chap2探讨和知识的产生和经济获利能力之间的联系很可能是一个特点集有助于不平衡的发展com知识和创新国内生产总值不仅仅是只有经济高度凝聚的特点专利活动也是一样的欧盟统计局2000年分析了欧盟15个跨区域的国家统计组统计的分布在各地区的专利申请表33列出了前15个
36、地区对高科技专利申请占劳动人口的百万分比表33欧盟地区的大多数高科技专利申请占劳动人口百万分比2000年会员国NUT2地区高科技专利申请占劳动人口每百万分比高科技专利高科技专利占所有专利的百分比1德国Oberbayern54091132372芬兰新地Suuralue5304416523荷兰努尔德- Brabant5242633404瑞典斯德哥尔摩4300416405瑞典Sydsverige3363199356芬兰Pohjois 312186547美国东英吉利亚2363265398芬兰Etela2024188379德国Mittelfranken18971601910美国格洛斯特郡 威尔特郡北萨默
37、塞特16961973911美国新罕布什尔州和怀特岛16901564312德国斯图加特16293151213瑞典Over诺尔兰1605393514德国Oberpfalz1596842015法国法国地幔155185425资料来源欧盟统计局2002年在2000年有将近有57500专利申请欧洲专利局EPO这些都是在欧盟内部的15个会员国所有地区的专利其中包括了10500个在高新技术产业的专利申请专利的地理分布是高度集中的21个地区占211所占数量的比重超过了所有向欧洲专利局提交的专利申请的一半只有13个地区生产比高科技应用多一半以上欧盟统计局2002年本着相同的精神Paci和Usai2000年分析了创
38、新每百万居民专利劳动生产率和109在欧洲地区的工业专业化在欧洲的飞地即在一国境内的外国领土有形成高度专业化技术的趋势特别是在一些行业比如说机械运输设备和能源此外我们已经证明创新和生产活动对空间和部门的专业化的作用是呈正相关的第108页因此知识的产生链接着专业化程度可以看到专利申请和专业化的产业格局但是不管怎么说专利并不能提供创新行为的良好指标因为一些城市的中心可能是各大公司的研究和开发设施基础是获得专利开始的地方这并不能说明创新是否是地理结块通过从企业的创新和识别标识为各地区Evangelista et al等他们自己欧洲共同体创新调查的分析数据2000年显示只有意大利的数量有限的领域被描述为
39、区域创新体系Beaudry 和Breschi在这一重要方面增加了一个重要发现他们的报告指出如果和其他创新型企业合作那么这个企业才更有可能创新和存在大量积累与股票相关的知识溢出效应2003年 第339页是一个道理反过来也是一样缺点来自于集群里存在着强大的非创新型企业Beaudry和 Breschi发现意大利的相关行业存在的企业创新能力在增强但是应该不是这样因此经济具有创新型那么这些区域就是创新区域集群这就更刺激了区域企业的更多创新活动最后通过集中的创业创新发现有比原来工作地方更好的就业前景的新公司这个新公司是在西德的74个地区里拥有更高的依赖的大企业 see Audretsch and Frit
40、sch 2002 显然有强有力的证据证明生产和创新集群在经济里是相关的当它们处于自己特定的位置有强劲的动力驱使知识当地化这也是很好的证据这些发现在这样是没有争议的在这本书里对外部链接作用规模和空间结构的重要性没有发生类聚其中有人认为到今天为止上述内容在这里都没有呗彻底探讨过知识和行业在普通的趋势接近上还是不一样的就像指定这些聚集如何适应在多空间的创新系统配合com统com筑 由于创新和生产集群出现相关相互依存的价值链上的数据可以提供有用的描述性信息测量生产在国家和区域各级的相互依存关系已经被用来定位集群经济上和地理上并且描述了关系的范围和密度输入和输出I-O的方法已经被广泛使用见例如经合组织1
41、999d和2003年c绘制价值链因为它可以追踪中间产品和服务这种流动是工业原料的供应和使用这些都是需要进一步处理的在这一点上通过IO数据来分析一个时间维度的价值链是最容易在全国范围内进行的大部分区域分析了存在的只是作为一个研究在区域这个等级商业研究发展趋势2001年利用IO和价值和增值数据用来确定在英国的集群Feser和Bergman2000年所使用的国家输入输出数据和美国北卡罗莱纳州的经济数据来创建群集的区域供应链模式在该国的信息他们的方法的好处是它确定在次国家级产业间的联系从而纵向和横向联系而不是仅仅依赖于区位商方法在研究中这可能被证明是免费的现有的办法地图产业的相关联系霍恩2000年a已
42、经发展了一种方法用来计算特别重要的一种潜在的集群之间的联系从而能够确定统计联系这个特定集群之内和它以外的IO数据不仅仅可以用来在了解行业关系的网站上在时间点上它也可以用来测量不同时间点的变化Wixted2005年已经确定在国家的等级企业对企业的关系中间投入与产出的关系已经是相对稳定在这20年期间1970年到1990年在9个国家图表揭示了重要的变化比如说围绕服务行业的增长一般基于价值链特别是商业服务随着目前研究视野背后的问题图表提供了一些证据证明调和普遍持有的观点西方经济体失去了在此期间大量的制造业活动资金制造工业物料供应往往是从其他制造行业 这显然不是和最终消费产业一样的 往往经济整体的增长保
43、持在相同的速率上因此国内生产总值依然令人惊讶的保持一个稳定的态势一个数字的一般特征出现可以从wixted的经合组织分析矩形与33个行业的33个经济体这些行业包括大多数情况下制造行业内部连接可以被看作是一般随着国内生产总值增长率要么下降的典型除了在日本的一些制造行业也占不到国内生产总值的百分之一的最大的明显下降是在日本的行业内部的钢铁供应在纺织品和负责用品行业的普遍下降主要是在纺织和制衣业在一个国家供应在服务部门的增长显然是最明显的特别是在诸如商业服务行业投入和产出的关系它的成分结构需要做一个给定的产品看起来更加戏剧性变化的适应能力相对于其它变量比如说就要或者行业整体占国内生产值在20世纪70年代到80年代占制造业就要总份额的变量下降在许多经合组织国家见Godbout 1993年 经合组织的8个国家的制造业在国内生产总值的份额也不断下降从1960年的291到1968年的28至1990年26再到1995年的199在这20年间制造业在国内生产总值的份额已经下降了229一个共享是指在个别国家下降见经合组织1999年e67在行业间的联系相对稳定的性质是由Verspagen支持注意到在美国经济的联动结构比较粘稠
