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1、Construction Project ManagementValue EngineeringBy:Fredrick E.Gould.Nancy.E.JoyceABSTRACTValue engineering is a kind of in the world proved very fruitful way of project management. In our country, with the improvement of socialist market economy, value engineering, whether in theoretical research or
2、 practical application aspects, obtained greater progress, and is gradually applied to engineering project management. Due to the construction of the project design stage investment is less, the owners often ignored this phase of the application of value engineering, but the practice proof, design p
3、hase is the possibility of managing investment the biggest stage. Therefore, this paper based on the design stage of a construction project, study the application of value engineering.Key Words: construction project; value engineering; design stageValue engineering and cost reduction are often confu
4、sed, so that the value engineering in the designer had a bad reputation, however, it is important that value engineering is a process, is to consider the cost of other factors, such as: life cycle cost, quality, durability and maintainability. On the other hand, reduce cost, think only reduced. At t
5、he same time they are in rely on a given standard role, we consider in the larger context of the standard, while the other reaction activity is only for budget problem. The project team should be very clear in their processes are involved in. Despite the tight budget reduces life cost, the owners ne
6、ed to know exactly what he or she buys. Value engineering in the process, should the owner to another system reference to buy items or equivalent value system to reduce the cost. In reducing cost in order to save money, he or she is of little value or range less.Value engineering is all designed pro
7、ducts in the active part. Value engineering is not done enough time, reduce cost becomes necessary. Value engineering provides a better reduction mode, and reduce the cost can be reduced by engineering quality or quantity, save money.Value engineering is not limited to the construction industry, but
8、 in the business world to help analysis is to minimize the cost of the optimal value of object technology and products. The best value is not an intrinsic property of. For each project, it takes on a different meaning, often in other similar product comparison. In the construction which is comparabl
9、e to many products, it is a complicated job. Therefore, value engineering is as one of the best team in good operation. Value engineering is one of the reasons for negative take designers sometimes feel, architecture is a measure of their work and suggestions, damage the item aesthetic quality. In t
10、he process if the designer is an equal partner, this feeling will be reduced. At the same time, the owners need to fully understand the design ideas to make the choice, when the time came, to a specific recommendations for proper balance, to accept or reject.Owners of professional designers and cons
11、truction with the help of setting standards. In general, these standards are divided into several categories: best cost, the best optimal function and aesthetic value. Determining the optimal cost for life cycle cost analysis to the building, using the most effective play a role definition. The best
12、 aesthetic value, can be difficult to determine, but as with other important criteria. As an important emergency generator case, the team focused on cost and function, but they do not concern for aesthetic values, because the generator will be hidden from view. It takes the first consider the cost,
13、durability, and reliability. Its role will be in accordance with safety requirements and the buildings within the residents needs to decide. In a curtain wall system, the owners pay attention to the cost, function and aesthetic value. Because the system will be the main architectural image, aestheti
14、c value may cost more than the weight, exceeding even function. These are only the owner can decide to make the final.Including value engineering, all items are redundant. After all, is not a design team to put together the best solution, it finds the optimal solution will satisfy the owners cost, f
15、unctional, aesthetic standards. Of course, a good design team is doing. However, every design company established culture also needs to be questioned standard practice. In the value engineering in the process, he could do it. In addition, some teams may be dealt with as soon as possible in the desig
16、n of the case. For example, the owner should accelerate the job to get the project started construction. Its purpose is to return to the previous fact and is not easy to make a decision before the state. Value engineering to ensure that such errors do not occur. Another possibility is that, the owne
17、rs have vision, but does not fully explain to the designer. Designer response more complexity, to meet the needs of the owners. Value engineering process, this complexity will be questioned and clarification.Building professionals in their occupation career into contact with many design company. Spe
18、cific design company may not know they brought other products and processes form information. In value engineering, these ideas will be checked, and where appropriate, set down. Building professionals can easily acquire about certain product availability information. If a product needs a very long d
19、istance transport, which can increase the cost of. Maybe there are local products, can also achieve the same standard.Although the value engineering in the project construction and even in the construction industry as a whole is pale, the maximum value is obtained in the earlier process: from one sy
20、stem to another, in the schedule have hardly any effect, and the amount of redesign and redraw is minimized. However, in the early stages of design, to produce any saving document is one of the most difficult, because there are usually no formal drawings or plan. The most recognizable effects occur
21、in the schematic diagram of the final and the design and development stage of early. There is enough information on the idea of rational judgment system. Of course, most of these savings can be achieved. In construction drawing, macroscopical idea is already in place, and most of the ideas embodied
22、in the file details.During the construction process, value engineering efforts continue. Because making changes to the project, design development should follow in the design phase to assess changes in the procedure. Contractors can also in the field of application of value engineering principle, sa
23、ve money method, equipment or sequence of operations. Who achieve these fields generated by saving depends on the form of contract.Some value engineering operation is informal, though the team members in favor of the arrangements and procedures, the others follow a more formal by another person esta
24、blished standards, the following is a good value engineering project is the main component of:(1) Review the field identification. He could be performed separately, as each team member critically reviews the design drawings and specifications.The idea was conceived, concern in the design field in th
25、is period of time, can use the new product or process, material the use of different strengths, simplify the system, or to processing details.(2) Brain storm team members sitting together with idea list and tossing ideas let others to accept, the idea is to get as many ideas as possible on the deskt
26、op. As discussed in the context of members should be thought from the others and many have special ideas inspired.(3) Each of the proposed analysis. The Group determines the standards to evaluate each idea. Discussion of alternatives in the brainstorming sessions with standard test. Here the brainst
27、orming session, costs are usually not considered first. Once a proposal in the functional requirements based on the merits, and then calculate the cost, involves a considerable amount of time and energy. It is a keeping brainstorming focus on functional outcome and reduce costs.(4) Report to managem
28、ent. The team will be all the idea of putting it all together. When presented with more and more information is available, some may be in other phases of the project carried out a detailed analysis. Some have been team provides a rationale for rejected, some instant recommendation. All the topics fo
29、r discussion, whether to reject or approve, should keep some for later reference.When the cost of computing work begins, the team can have a look simple first cost, but also can view the life cycle cost proposal. If the proposal in first cost on the basis of sound words, life cycle cost, may not be
30、complete, but the danger is, first cost may not be incorporated into the overall savings work during the life of structures. Therefore, it is best to consider the life cycle cost, figure 6.5 shows the first cost and life cycle cost differences between.Life cycle cost in building or construction syst
31、em in the initial study life, operation and maintenance costs, and future interests. Prior to this analysis can be applied, assumptions are made about the under construction quality expectations, limitations of the procedure, as well as prospective predictors of cost of capital. Life cycle cost can
32、help the design team decided to set system design, site, materials used in construction, and the investment of money. It can be used to build or rebuild project. In the project, the first problem is, whether the buildings were removed or retained. If you have decided to keep the building, the next q
33、uestion is how to scale renovation to meet expectations. These analyses can go through a life cycle cost analysis.The goal is to find, give some to meet the needs of customers alternatives, which cost at least over the life of the building. For example, a specific non traditional heating system can
34、have a higher cost base. Basic cost includes direct related design, procurement costs, as well as system installation. However, such a system might be a longer life expectancy than traditional systems, can burn the fuel more efficiently, and may not require so much of the repair, and can use the che
35、ap fuel source.建设项目管理价值工程Fredrick E.Gould.Nancy.E.Joyce摘要价值工程是一种在世界各国被证明卓有成效的工程管理方法。在我国，随着社会主义市场经济的不断完善，价值工程无论在理论研究还是实际应用方面，都取得了较大的发展，并且正在逐步地运用到工程项目管理工作中。由于建设项目设计阶段的投资较少，业主往往容易忽略这一阶段价值工程的应用，但实践证明，设计阶段是节约投资的可能性最大的阶段。所以，本文立足于建设项目设计阶段，研究价值工程的应用。关键词：建设项目;价值工程;设计阶段价值工程和减少成本经常搞混淆，这样就使价值工程在设计者中留下了不好的名声，但是，
36、重要的是价值工程是一个过程，是考虑成本的其他因素方面，比如：生命周期成本，质量，耐用性和可维护性。另一方面，减少成本，认为只有减少的意思。同时他们都是在依靠于某种给定的标准而起作用，我们考虑在更大范围内的标准，而其他的反应活动仅是为了预算问题。项目团队应该非常清楚他们在过程中都参与了。尽管紧张的预算降低了现实生活的成本，业主需要确切地知道他或她所购买。价值工程过程中，业主应以另一个系统的参考购买物品或同等价值体系来降低成本.在降低成本中，他或她为了省钱所得到的价值不大或范围更少。价值工程应是所有设计产品中活跃的一部分。价值工程做得并不充足的时候，减少成本就变得必要了。价值工程提供了一个“更好的
37、减少方式”，而降低成本可降低工程质量或数量，节省资金。 价值工程不仅限于建筑行业，但在整个商业界用来帮助分析得到以最小的成本的最佳值的对象工艺和产品。最佳值不是一个固有财产。对于每一个项目，它需要在不同的意义，往往是在其他类似产品之间比较。在建设中这是比较很多的产品，这样是很复杂的一项工作。因此，价值工程是作为一个最好的团队良好的运作的。价值工程消极采取的原因之一是设计者有时会觉得，建筑专业是衡量他们的工作和提出建议，损害了该项目的审美质量。在过程中如果设计师是一个平等伙伴，这种感觉会被减少。同时，业主需要充分了解一定的设计理念使其选择，当时间一到，以一个具体建议理由是适当的权衡，接受或拒绝。
38、 业主在设计师和专业施工的帮助下设置标准。一般来说，这些标准分为几类：最佳的成本，最好的功能和最佳的审美价值。确定最佳的成本可以用生命周期成本分析，以建筑物使用最有效发挥作用的定义。最好的审美价值，是有点难以确定，但可以作为其他重要的标准。作为重要的一个应急发电机案，该团队着眼于成本和功能，但并不对审美价值的关注，因为发电机将被隐藏在视野中。它的花费首先考虑成本，耐久性，和可靠性。它的作用将根据生命安全要求和建筑物内的居民需要而决定。在一个幕墙系统的情况下，业主注重于成本，功能和美学价值。因为系统将是首要的建筑形象，审美价值可能比成本更有重量，甚至超过功能。这些是只有拥有者可以决定最终作出。
39、其中包括价值工程在内的所有项目都看似多余。毕竟，不是设计团队放在一起的最佳方案，它认为最佳的解决方案将满足业主的成本，功能，审美标准。当然，一个好的设计团队正是这么做的。然而，每一个设计公司已建立的文化也是需要被质疑的标准做法。在价值工程过程中，他能做到这一点。此外，一些团队可能尽快处理在设计的情况下出现的事情。例如，业主要加快工作来获取项目开工建设。其目的是要回到以前的事实和很不容易的重新作出决定之前的状态。价值工程能确保这样的过失不会发生。另一种可能是，业主有远见，但并不能充分地向设计师阐明。设计师响应更多的复杂性，来满足业主。价值工程过程中，这复杂性将受到质疑和澄清。 建筑专业人士在他们
40、的职业生涯中接触到许多设计公司。特定的设计公司可能不知道他们带来的其他产品和工艺的表格信息。在价值工程中，这些观点想法会被检查，并在适当情况下，成立下来。建筑专业人士可以很容易地获取关于某些产品的可用性的信息。如果一个产品需要很长的距离运送，这便可以增加了其花费。也许有本地产品，也可以达到同样的标准。 虽然价值工程在整个项目建设甚至在整个建筑业显得苍白，最大价值的取得是在较早过程：从一个系统转到另一个系统在时间表上几乎不会产生任何影响，以及大量的重新设计和重绘会被最小化。然而，在设计的早期阶段产生，产生任何的的节约形成文件是最困难的，因为那里通常没有正式的图纸或计划。最可辨别的的影响发生是在原
41、理图的最后和设计开发阶段的早期。这里有足够的信息对大系统的想法产生合理地判断。当然，其中的大部分节约可以实现的。在施工图中，宏观的想法已经到位，而且大多数产生的想法体现在文件的细节中。在施工过程中，价值工程努力持续.因为进行更改的项目，设计的发展应当遵循在设计阶段评估变化了的程序。承建商也可以在该领域程序申请价值工程原理，节省钱的方法，设备或操作顺序。谁实现这些领域产生的节约取决于合同的形式。 有些价值工程运作是非正式的，尽管团队成员赞成的安排和程序，其他人跟随更加正式的被另外的人建立的标准，下面是一个好的价值工程方案的主要组成部分： （1）审查领域的鉴定。他可以单独完成，因为每个团队成员严格
42、审查设计图纸和规格。想法被构想，在关注设计领域这段时间里，可以利用新产品或工艺，材料不同的使用优势，简化系统，或重新加工的细节。 （2）头脑风暴小组成员坐在一起以想法清单和折腾意见和想法让别人接受，这个想法是把尽可能多的想法放在桌面上。由于讨论的背景下成员应该从别人的想法和许多想出特的想法得到启发。 （3）每个提议的分析。小组确定了标准以评估每种想法。讨论的供选方案在头脑风暴的会议上以标准测试。这里的头脑风暴会议，费用通常不是首先考虑的。一旦某个建议在功能要求的基础上有可取之处的，然后计算成本时，会涉及到相当数量的时间和精力。它也是一个保持头脑风暴关注功能和降低成本的结果。 （4）报告给管理人
43、员。团队将所有的想法全部放在一起。当提出越来越多的信息是可用的时候，一些可能会在项目的其他阶段的进行详细分析。有的已被团队规定的理由拒绝了，有些即时推荐。所有讨论题目，不管是否拒绝或批准，应留一部分供以后参考。 当成本计算工作开始时，团队可以看看简单的第一成本，也可以查看的生命周期成本方面的建议。如果该建议在第一成本的基础上是健全的话，生命周期成本，可能无法完成，但这样做的危险是，第一成本可能无法纳入总体储蓄转化工作寿命期间的结构。因此，最好是考虑一下生命周期方面任何成本，图6.5说明第一成本和生命周期成本的之间的差异。生命周期成本在建筑物或建筑系统中的生命初始进行探讨，运行和维护费用，以及未
44、来的利益。在此之前的分析可以应用，假设是关于在建设中质量的期望，程序的限制，以及未来预测的资金成本。生命周期成本可帮助设计团队系统地决定设计方案，设置场地，建筑使用的材料，和统金钱投资。它可用于新建或改建项目。在改造项目中，首先解决的问题是，是否将该建筑物被拆除或保留。如果已决定保留建筑，接下来的问题是如何规模的整修来满足期望。这些分析可以通过一个生命周期成本分析完成。这目标是去发现，给与几个满足顾客需要的供选方案，哪一个成本至少超过了建筑物的寿命。例如，一个特定的非传统的加热系统能有一个高的基本成本。基本成本包括直接相关的设计，采购成本，以及系统的安装。但是，这样的系统可能比传统系统预期寿命较长，可更有效地燃燃料，并可能不需要这么多的维修，和可以使用廉价的燃料来源。本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目 建设项目管理价值工程 姓名 翁纬纬 学号 408105000230 学 院 管理科学与工程学院 专业 工程管理指导教师 王丽 2012 年4月13日
