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1、毕 业 设 计（英文翻译）译文内容Rethinking of Some Issues Regarding EthnicTourism under Modern Linguistic Environment（关于民俗旅游在现代语言环境中一些问题的思考）译文出处International Business and ManagementVol. 1, No. 1. 2010, pp. 107-113系 别：经济管理学院专 业：旅游管理班 级：T863-2学生姓名： 学 号： 指导教师： Rethinking of Some Issues Regarding Ethnic Tourism under
2、Modern Linguistic EnvironmentBy: LI Wei , LIU Dan of International Business and Management，Vol. 1, No. 1. 2010, p. 107-113Abstract: The issue of ethnic tourism presently has officially entered the vision as well as the linguistic environment of the authoritative tourism research institutes in China.
3、 Regardless of plentiful highlighted unsatisfactory issues in ethnic tourism development, overall however appropriately developed and effectively controlled ethnic tourism will be beneficial to the protection of traditional cultures. The paper believes ethnic tourism should be recognized and it is n
4、either considerate nor objective to totally repudiate ethnic tourism positive effects in ethnic regions simply because of some issues occurred. This paper proposes authors own views countering some important issues in ethnic tourism studies.Key words: ethnic tourism; authenticity; positive effectINT
5、RODUCTIONThe “Commercialization” introduced by tourism has caused ethnic cultural heritage “Tradition decay”, which generates widespread incitement in general public. The radical trend of ethnic tourism development and the growing ethnic culture protection enthusiasm cause increasingly evident confl
6、icts between tourism development and cultural protection, and the discussion and disputes regarding ethnic culture protection and tourism development have thereby caught peoples more and more attention. In view of Chinas tourism development practice, there are indeed plenty of highlighted issues, fo
7、r instance there is severe tendency to cater tourism consumers in ethnic tourism regions,“Performance-dominating” demonstrating method has been taken in tourism development, and some ethnic cultures have been demonstrated through vulgar or superficial approaches, causing the crisis of ethnic culture
8、 commercialization. Western scholars once described this phenomenon as “Culture without depth” and “Disney” and McDonalds tourisms, believed if things go like these, it could lead to the gradual exhaustion of cultural symbols themselves in terms of aesthetics and spiritual needs as well, and communi
9、ty residents also lose cultural creation motivations, and the ultimate result will cause ethnic culture to be assimilated, or disappear. Most western anthropologists once believed that tourists entering to ethnic communities mean a soft of cultural colonization, and tourism development totally exert
10、s negative effects on ethnic community cultures. With constant in-depth study however the attitude of mainstream western anthropologists has changed to believing “Tourism is a kind of acculturation and development pattern”. Yet sociologists and economists conclude from their studies “Positive perspe
11、ctive in general”. This is the process to gradually recognize that tourism exerts the effects of “Associated” instead of“Causal” relation to society and cultures, and it meanwhile makes more people treat the effects of tourism on society and cultures from “Value neutrality” point of view, so as to o
12、bjectively analyze these effects and implement related culture protection strategy. The author believes that ethnic tourism development deserves to be recognized, and it is neither considerate nor objective to totally repudiate ethnic tourisms positive effects in ethnic regions simply because of som
13、e issues occurred. Indeed, we need a proactive forward-looking vision and have certain judgement on passive impacts from destinations, and proactively protect and develop. It however needs to avoid exaggerating the passive impacts of tourism on ethnic cultures. Overall, appropriately developed and e
14、ffectively controlled ethnic tourism will be beneficial to the protection of traditional cultures. I talk about some of my own points of view countering some key issues in ethnic tourism study in the following.1. THE ISSUE OF ETHNIC TOURISM IN MODERN LINGUISTIC ENVIRONMENT CAN NOT BE IGNOREDWe by no
15、 means ignore the issue of ethnic tourism in modern linguistic environment while discussing ethnic cultural tourism development. Under the strong shock of global information age, even if there are no tourists to enter certain ethnic regions, the modernization process there as well can not be avoided
16、. Modernization is the inevitable existing pattern of traditional cultures, and thereby there is no issue of taking or rejecting modernization at all. It is both impossible and unnecessary to protect ethnic traditional cultures by means of “totally retaining their original tastes and flavors”. It is
17、 well known that tourism occurs in the “Contact areas” between local society and modern society. In social intersection the all cultures from various places experience a continuous recreation process through a spread and blending process. The one-sided viewpoint that considers tourism as the “Execut
18、ioner” causing ethnic cultures from changes to death is not objective. There are plenty of reasons generating ethnic culture variations, and some of ethnic cultures even had varied before tourism appeared and tourism is not supposed to be the “Scapegoat”. What we concern is whether protect ethnic cu
19、ltures as rare tourism resources or let ethnic cultures lose their original significance to self-fit in so as to achieve modernization?Author believes that it is both incorrect and unachievable to regard a local traditional culture as a certain pure and static matter and as well isolate it from curr
20、ent world system. Current Chinas tourism industry development trend is entering a new round of strong growing period, and stepping to the largest domestic tourism market worldwide. We currently propose the goal to let GDP per capita in 2020 be four times as much as that in 2000. What does this mean
21、to tourism development? This will be the unprecedented opportunity of tourism development. GDP per capita in China reached $856 in 2000, and predictively reaches $3500 in 2020. Based on the practice from advanced tourism countries, when GDP per capita of a country reaches the amount between $3000 an
22、d $3500, the country will enter the explosive tourism-spending growth period. Under such modern linguistic environment, the rapid public tourism growth will inevitably influence the tourism development in ethnic regions, and the fact can not be avoided.2. THE ISSUE OF RESEARCHERS STANDPOINTSThe firs
23、t voice is from tourism sector: Promote ideas of “win-win” and “Get both at the same time” and advocate “Sound interactive development” between cultural heritage protection and cultural tourism utilization. And the second one is from cultural circle: Some heritage damage phenomena caused by tourism
24、are shocking, and the angry voice from heritage protection aspect is: “Tourism is the number one killer of culture”. The first voice is gentle and fair and seeks the way out for tourism to get out of the trouble in its development, and it is primarily based on tourism. The second one comes with deep
25、 hatred and resentment, expressing the worry about the damages and destruction suffered by cultural heritage, and it is mainly from cultural heritage point of view. These two types of voices reflect the difference from different focusing points, and refract there is “opposition” between heritage pro
26、tection and tourism development in positioning sense. For this issue, as early as 1980s, Yu Guangyuan, while discussing tourism belongs to economy or culture in academic circles, once said: Tourism is both a culture cause with strong economic characteristics and an economic cause with strong cultura
27、l characteristics. Afterwards, Sun Shangqing, when organizing the study on China tourism economy development strategy, proposed: tourism belongs to economic-cultural industry when growing into a certain stage and will be cultural-economic industry when developing into the mature stage.In view of stu
28、dy standpoint, authors opinions are: to a large extent, ethnic culture protection rather refracts scholars values instead of from the ethnic traditional culture itself, and it examines the issue of ethnic entity from their own visions. As the outsiders of modern society, scholars, based on their lif
29、estyle comparison and the love on the cultures from other lands and nationalities insist that traditional heritage can not be changed, and this point sometimes even comes from their own needs rather what community residents want. Ethnic culture does not just meet the needs of others and outsiders, i
30、t first is supposed to belong to the local community of its own. Scholars studies and criticisms need to take the self-section of local nationality as the top priority and respect these insiders wishes, and thereby can not put their own words into the insiders mouths, and as well make the selections
31、 of developing or non-developing as well as changing or non-changing on insiders behalf. The scholars sometimes play a judge role, make conclusion on the life of study object from their own points of view, and replace the insiders to select. As a matter of fact community residents however have the r
32、ight to select their own lifestyles and cultures. As for various nationalities, the more we let them develop and participate, the more they will select the traditions belong to their own. Otherwise, due to propaganda and separation there will be more loss and fragmentation in traditions, nationaliti
33、es even get more helpless and confused on their own positions and prospects.3. THE ISSUE OF HOW TO DEFINE TOURISM AUTHENTICITYAs long as talking about the effects of modernization power on ethnic traditional cultures, it is inevitably to talk about the issue of culture authenticity. Some scholars be
34、lieve that ethnic traditions and ethnic cultures showed in cultural demo points are not authentic, and they are at most the “Performance stage authenticity” after decorating and processing. All people normally believe that tourists seek for culture authenticity and folklore highlights folk-custom in
35、heritance and patterns and both of them hope to demonstrate or reveal the current primary living modes of local residents, instead of the current state showed for tourists and others only. In other word, this opinion regarding authenticity is: only historical existence is authentic folk-custom and o
36、nly the culture consistent with social mode is authentic. How to treat the authenticity issue in ethnic tourism after all? The author believes that what the most important in the discussion of tourism authenticity is the authentic level of tourists experience instead of sightseeing spots and true si
37、tuations in sightseeing areas. Although there is an existing issue regarding “Performance stage authenticity”, tourists are aware to a large extent. We can not demand tourists to conduct complete and in-depth understanding on what thy visit like the field investigations from anthropologists. Some cr
38、itics may say tourists understanding on hosts society has been misled by “Middleman”, causing the understanding on “Partial authenticity” actually. Yet partial authenticity is not social authenticity and something it is the cutoff of social authenticity. All of these however can not impede the authe
39、ntic feelings of tourists in tourism activities, yet these feelings can not be replaced by any rational analysis.Foreign scholars Edward Bond believes that there is no significant difference between original “Tradition” and reproduced “Tradition”, and any intention to keep authenticity is meaningles
40、s. Since first the factors such as tourists tourism motivations, psychology, value orientations, aesthetic ideas, and education levels as well as age and gander are vastly different. For experts and scholars, culture can only be authentic by fully retaining its original characteristics. For most of
41、regular tourists however cultural authenticity depends on their experience as well as the tourism feelings they hope to get. Most of tourists will not seek deeper authenticity. And what the most tourists seek is a type of relative authenticity, or the difference level of the culture they experience
42、from tourism and their original living environment. Tourism is supposed to bring tourists a kind of authentic experience rather authentic noumenon. Second, culture is dynamically changing, and authenticity is therefore relative to time. Ethnic traditional cultures do not freeze all the time and they
43、 are rather a dynamic, flowing, and open system. They used to be brand new when created in the history, and therefore must change with history growth. Since traditional cultures do not mean advanced cultures and excellent cultures, and plenty of them are the product of old age and they own have cert
44、ain defects and can not fit in modernization growth. Something old and backward is unnecessarily authentic yet something modern and advanced is unnecessarily untrue. The view to stress on ethnic culture purity one-side is not consistent with cultural development law.Plentiful experienced tourists la
45、ugh at such performance stage authenticity, sometimes however this type of creation of recreation opportunities may turn into the foundation of culture revitalization, and will own their spontaneous authenticity over the time and as well can be reused by their creators. As for tourism authenticity,
46、plenty of scholars once proposed their own unique opinions such as the front stage and back stage theory form US social anthropologist MacCannell, the new mode of “Front stage, curtain, and back stage” for ethnic cultural protection and tourism development proposed by Chinese tourism planning expert
47、 Yang Zhenzhi, and the view of “Cultural Firewall” from Tourism Planning Center of Peking University. Yet scholar VanDenBerg discovered that local residents who turn into the main body of tourism during tourism contacts might clearly find that their cultural heritage parts favored by tourists not on
48、ly can be demonstrated in various non-authentic modes in front stage to meet tourisms needs, but also can be regrouped into the back stage and become the symbol of clear, authentic ethnic identity to perform culture reproduction, culture restructuring, culture renaissance, and culture offset, which
49、are closely associated. Or tourism promotes and introduces various cultural production activities, yet the generation of these cultures then further drives tourism development and promotes tourism development.4. THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF COMMUNITY TOURISM-PARTICIPATION TO IMPROVE ETHNIC CULTURE IDENTITY RECOGNITIONIn the process of community participation in ethnic tourism, it needs to r
