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1、 框架结构设计技术摘要: 在不同类型的结构设计中有些内容是一样的,如楼板、楼梯等,写此文的用意是帮助设计者在做框架结构设计时参见本文可减少漏项、减少差错等,与上篇内容相同的读者可略过。关键词: 框架 设计 混凝土一. 结构设计说明 主要是设计依据,抗震等级,人防等级,地基情况及承载力,防潮抗渗做法,活荷载值,材料等级,施工中的注意事项,选用详图,通用详图或节点,以及在施工图中未画出而通过说明来表达的信息。如混凝土的含碱量不得超过3kg/m3等等。 二. 各层的结构布置图,包括: 1.预制板的布置板的选用、板缝尺寸及配筋。 标注预制板的块数和类型时, 不要采用对角线的形式。因为此种方法易造成线的
2、交叉, 宜采用水平线或垂直线的方法, 相同类型的房间直接标房间类型号。应全楼统一编号,可减少设计工作量,也方便施工人员看图。板缝尽量为40, 此种板缝可不配筋或加一根筋。布板时从房间里面往外布板, 尽量采用宽板, 现浇板带留在靠窗处, 现浇板带宽最好200考虑水暖的立管穿板。 如果构造上要求有整浇层时, 板缝应大于60。整浇层厚50, 配双向6250, 混凝土C20。纯框架结构一般不需要加整浇层。构造柱处不得布预制板。地下车库由于防火要求不可用预制板。框架结构不宜使用长向板,否则长向板与框架梁平行相接处易出现裂缝。建议使用PMCAD的人工布板功能布预制板,自动布板可能不能满足用户的施工图要求,
3、仅能满足定义荷载传递路线的要求。对楼层净高很敏感、跨度超过6.9米或不符合模数时可采用SP板,SP板120厚可做到7.2米跨。 2.现浇板的配筋板上、下钢筋,板厚尺寸。板厚一般取120、140、160、180四种尺寸或120、150、180三种尺寸。尽量用二级钢包括直径10(目前供货较少)的二级钢,直径12的受力钢筋,除吊钩外,不得采用一级钢。钢筋宜大直径大间距,但间距不大于200,间距尽量用200。一般跨度小于6.6米的板的裂缝均可满足要求。跨度小于2米的板上部钢筋不必断开,钢筋也可不画,仅说明钢筋为双向双排8200。板上下钢筋间距宜相等,直径可不同,但钢筋直径类型也不宜过多。顶层及考虑抗裂
4、时板上筋可不断,或50%连通,较大处附加钢筋,拉通筋均应按受拉搭接钢筋。板配筋相同时,仅标出板号即可。 一般可将板的下部筋相同和部分上部筋相同的板编为一个板号,将不相同的上部筋画在图上。当板的形状不同但配筋相同时也可编为一个板号。应全楼统一编号。当考虑穿电线管时,板厚120,不采用薄板加垫层的做法。电的管井电线引出处的板,因电线管过多有可能要加大板厚至180(考虑四层32的钢管叠加)。宜尽量用大跨度板,不在房间内尤其是住宅加次梁。说明分布筋为6250,温度影响较大处可为8200。板顶标高不同时,板的上筋应分开或倾斜通过。现浇挑板阳角加辐射状附加筋包括内墙上的阳角。现浇挑板阴角的板下宜加斜筋。顶
5、层应建议甲方采用现浇楼板,以利防水,并加强结构的整体性及方便装饰性挑沿的稳定。外露的挑沿、雨罩、挑廊应每隔1015米设一10mm的缝,钢筋不断。尽量采用现浇板,不采用予制板加整浇层方案。卫生间做法可为70厚+10高差取消垫层。8米以下的板均可以采用非预应力板。 L、T或十字形建筑平面的阴角处附近的板应现浇并加厚,双向双排配筋,并附加45度的4根16的抗拉筋。现浇板的配筋建议采用PMCAD软件自动生成,一可加快速度,二来尽量减小笔误。自动生成楼板配筋时建议不对钢筋编号,因工程较大时可能编出上百个钢筋号,查找困难,如果要编号,编号不应出房间。配筋计算时,可考虑塑性内力重分布,将板上筋乘以0.80.
6、9的折减系数,将板下筋乘以1.11.2的放大系数。值得注意的是,按弹性计算的双向板钢筋是板某几处的最大值,按此配筋是偏于保守的,不必再人为放大。支承在外圈框架梁上的板负筋不宜过大,否则将对梁产生过大的附加扭距。一般:板厚150时采用10200;否则用8200。 PMCAD生成的板配筋图应注意以下几点:1.单向板是按塑性计算的,而双向板按弹性计算,宜改成一种计算方法。2.当厚板与薄板相接时,薄板支座按固定端考虑是适当的,但厚板就不合适,宜减小厚板支座配筋,增大跨中配筋。3.非矩形板宜减小支座配筋,增大跨中配筋。4.房间边数过多或凹形板应采用有限元程序验算其配筋。PMCAD生成的板配筋图为PM?.
7、T。 板一般可按塑性计算,尤其是基础底板和人防结构。但结构自防水、不允许出现裂缝和对防水要求严格的建筑, 如坡、平屋顶、橱厕、配电间等应采用弹性计算。室内轻隔墙下一般不应加粗钢筋,一是轻隔墙有可能移位,二是板整体受力,应整体提高板的配筋。只有垂直单向板长边的不可能移位的隔墙,如厕所与其他房间的隔墙下才可以加粗钢筋。坡屋顶板为偏拉构件,应双向双排配筋。 3.关于过梁布置及轻隔墙。 现在框架填充墙一般为轻墙,过梁一般不采用预制混凝土过梁,而是现浇梁带。应注明采用的轻墙的做法及图集,如北京地区的京94SJ19,并注明过梁的补充筋。当过梁与柱或构造柱相接时,柱应甩筋,过梁现浇。不建议采用加气混凝土做围
8、护墙,装修难做并不能用在厕所处。 4.雨蓬、阳台、挑檐布置和其剖面详图。 注意:雨棚和阳台的竖板现浇时,最小厚度应为80,否则难以施工。竖筋应放在板中部。当做双排筋时,高度900,最小板厚100;高度900时,最小板厚120。阳台的竖板应尽量现浇,预制挡板的相交处极易裂缝。雨棚和阳台上有斜的装饰板时,板的钢筋放斜板的上面,并通过水平挑板的下部锚入墙体圈梁即挑板双层布筋。两侧的封板可采用泰柏板封堵,钢筋与泰柏板的钢丝焊接,不必采用混凝土结构。挑板挑出长度大于2米时宜配置板下构造筋,较长外露挑板(包括竖板)宜配温度筋。挑板内跨板上筋长度应大于等于挑板出挑长度,尤其是挑板端部有集中荷载时。 内挑板端
9、部宜加小竖沿,防止清扫时灰尘落下。当顶层阳台的雨搭为无组织排水时,雨搭出挑长度应大于其下阳台出挑长度100,顶层阳台必须设雨搭。挑板配筋应有余地,并应采用大直径大间距钢筋,给工人以下脚的地方,防止踩弯。挑板内跨板跨度较小,跨中可能出现负弯距,应将挑板支座的负筋伸过全跨。挑板端部板上筋通常兜一圈向上,但当钢筋直径大于等于12时是难以施工的,应另加筋。 5.楼梯布置。采用X型斜线表示楼梯间,并注明楼梯间另详。尽量用板式楼梯,方便设计及施工,也较美观。 6.板顶标高。可在图名下说明大多数的板厚及板顶标高,厨厕及其它特殊处在其房间上另外标明。 7.梁布置及其编号,应按层编号,如L-1-XX,1指1层,
10、XX为梁的编号。柱布置及编号。 8.板上开洞厨、厕、电气及设备洞口尺寸及其附加筋,附加筋不必一定锚入板支座,从洞边锚入La即 可。板上开洞的附加筋,如果洞口处板仅有正弯距,可只在板下加筋;否则应在板上下均加附加筋。留筋后浇的板宜用虚线表示其范围,并注明用提高一级的膨胀混 凝土浇筑。未浇筑前应采取有效支承措施。住宅跃层楼梯在楼板上所开大洞,周边不宜加梁,应采用有限元程序计算板的内力和配筋。板适当加厚, 洞边加暗梁。 9.屋面上人孔、通气孔位置及详图。 10.在平面图上不能表达清楚的细节要加剖面,可在建筑墙体剖面做法的基础上,对应画结构详图。 三. 基础平面图及详图:1.在柱下扩展基础宽度较宽大于
11、4米或地基不均匀及地基较软时宜采用柱下条基。并应考虑节点处基础底面积双向重复使用的不利因素,适当加宽基础。 2.当基础下有防空洞或枯井等时,可做一大厚板将其跨过。 3.混凝土基础下应做垫层。当有防水层时,应考虑防水层厚度。 4.建筑地段较好,基础埋深大于3米时,应建议甲方做地下室。地下室底板,当地基承载力满足设计要求时,可不再外伸以利于防水。每隔3040米设一后浇带,并注明两个月后用微膨胀混凝土浇注。设置地下室可降低地基的附加应力,提高地基的承载力尤其是在周围有建筑时有用,减少地震作用对上部结构的影响。不应设局部地下室,且地下室应有相同的埋深。可在筏板区格中间挖空垫聚苯来调整高低层的不均匀沉降
12、。 5.地下室外墙为混凝土时,相应的楼层处梁和基础梁可取消。 6.抗震缝、伸缩缝在地面以下可不设缝,连接处应加强。但沉降缝两侧墙体基础一定要分开。 7.新建建筑物基础不宜深于周围已有基础。如深于原有基础,其基础间的净距应不少于基础之间的高差的1.5至2倍,否则应打抗滑移桩,防止原有建筑的破坏。建筑层数相差较大时,应在层数较低的基础方格中心的区域内垫焦碴来调整基底附加应力。 8.独立基础偏心不能过大,必要时可与相近的柱做成柱下条基。柱下条形基础的底板偏心不能过大,必要时可作成三面支承一面自由板类似筏基中间开洞。两根柱的柱下条基的荷载重心和基础底版的形心宜重合,基础底板可做成梯形或台阶形,或调整挑
13、梁两端的出挑长度。 9.采用独立柱基时,独立基础受弯配筋不必满足最小配筋率要求,除非此基础非常重要,但配筋也不得过小。独立基础是介于钢筋混凝土和素混凝土之间的结构。面积不大的独立基础宜采用锥型基础,方便施工。 10.独立基础的拉梁宜通长配筋,其下应垫焦碴。拉梁顶标高宜较高,否则底层墙体过高。 11.底层内隔墙一般不用做基础,可将地面的混凝土垫层局部加厚。 12.考虑到一般建筑沉降为锅底形、结构的整体弯曲和上部结构和基础的协同作用,顶、底板钢筋应拉通多层的负筋可截断1/2或1/3,且纵向基础梁的底筋也应拉通。 13.基础平面图上应加指北针。 14.基础底板混凝土不宜大于C30,一是没用,二是容易
14、出现裂缝。 15.可用JCCAD软件自动生成基础布置和基础详图。生成的基础平面图名为JCPM.T,生成的基础详图名为JCXT?.T。 16.基础底面积不应因地震附加力而过分加大,否则地震下安全了而常规情况下反而沉降差异较大,本末倒置。 请参照建筑地基基础设计规范GBJ7-89和各地方的地基基础规程。 四. 暖沟图及基础留洞图: 1.沟盖板在遇到电线管时下降500,室外暖沟上一般有400厚的覆土。 2.注明暖沟两侧墙体的厚度及材料作法。暖沟较深时应验算强度。 3.洞口大于400时应加过梁,暖沟应加通气孔。 4.基础埋深较浅时暖沟入口底及基础留洞有可能比基础还低,此时基础应局部降低。 5.湿陷性黄
15、土地区或膨胀土地区暖沟做法不同于一般地区。应按湿陷性黄土地区或膨胀土地区的特殊要求设计。 6.暖沟一般做成1200宽,1000的在维修时偏小。 五. 楼梯详图: 1.应注意:梯梁至下面的梯板高度是否够,以免碰头,尤其是建筑入口处。 2.梯段高度高差不宜大于20,以免易摔跤 3.两倍的梯段高度加梯段长度约等于600。幼儿园楼梯踏步宜120高。 4.楼梯折板、折梁阴角在下时纵筋应断开,并锚入受压区内La,折梁还应加附加箍筋 5.楼梯的建筑做法一般与楼面做法不同,注意楼梯板标高与楼面板的衔接。 6.楼梯梯段板计算方法:当休息平台板厚为80100,梯段板厚100130,梯段板跨度小于4米时,应采用1/
16、10的计算系数,并上下配筋相同;当休息平台板厚为80100,梯段板厚160200,梯段板跨度约6米左右时,应采用1/8的计算系数,板上配筋可取跨中的1/31/4,并且不得过大。此两种计算方法是偏于保守的。任何时候休息平台与梯段板平行方向的上筋均应拉通,并应与梯段板的配筋相应。梯段板板厚一般取1/251/30跨度。 7.注意当板式楼梯跨度大于5米时,挠度不容易满足。应注明加大反拱或增大配筋。 8.当休息平台板为悬挑板时,其内部的楼梯梯段板负筋应大于休息平台板的板上筋,长度也应大于平台板筋。 9.楼层处的休息平台板的配筋应与楼层板统一考虑配筋,主要是板的负筋。 六. 梁详图: 1.梁上有次梁处包括
17、挑梁端部应附加箍筋和吊筋,宜优先采用附加箍筋。梁上小柱和水箱下, 架在板上的梁, 不必加附加筋。可在结构设计总说明处画一节点,有次梁处两侧各加三根主梁箍筋,荷载较大处详施工图。 2.当外部梁跨度相差不大时,梁高宜等高,尤其是外部的框架梁。当梁底距外窗顶尺寸较小时,宜加大梁高做至窗顶。外部框架梁尽量做成外皮与柱外皮齐平。梁也可偏出柱边一较小尺寸。梁与柱的偏心可大于1/4柱宽,并宜小于1/3柱宽。 3.折梁阴角在下时纵筋应断开,并锚入受压区内La,还应加附加箍筋 4.梁上有次梁时,应避免次梁搭接在主梁的支座附近,否则应考虑由次梁引起的主梁抗扭,或增加构造抗扭纵筋和箍筋。(此条是从弹性计算角度出发)
18、。当采用现浇板时,抗扭问题并不严重。 5.原则上梁纵筋宜小直径小间距,有利于抗裂,但应注意钢筋间距要满足要求,并与梁的断面相应。箍筋按规定在梁端头加密。布筋时应将纵筋等距,箍筋肢距可不等。小断面的连续梁或框架梁,上、下部纵筋均应采用同直径的,尽量不在支座搭接。 6.端部与框架梁相交或弹性支承在墙体上的次梁,梁端支座可按简支考虑,但梁端箍筋应加密。 7.考虑抗扭的梁,纵筋间距不应大于300和梁宽,即要求加腰筋,并且纵筋和腰筋锚入支座内La。箍筋要求同抗震设防时的要求。 8.反梁的板吊在梁底下,板荷载宜由箍筋承受,或适当增大箍筋。梁支承偏心布置的墙时宜做下挑沿。 9.挑梁宜作成等截面大挑梁外露者除
19、外。 与挑板不同,挑梁的自重占总荷载的比例很小,作成变截面不能有效减轻自重。变截面挑梁的箍筋,每个都不一样,难以施工。变截面梁的挠度也大于等截面梁。一般挑梁根部不必附加斜筋,除非受剪承载力不足。对于大挑梁,梁的下部宜配置受压钢筋以减小挠度。挑梁配筋应留有 余地。 10.梁上开洞时,不但要计算洞口加筋,更应验算梁洞口下偏拉部分的裂缝宽度。梁从构造上能保证不发生冲切破坏和斜截面受弯破坏。 11.梁净高大于500时,宜加腰筋,间距200,否则易出现垂直裂缝。 12.挑梁出挑长度小于梁高时,应按牛腿计算或按深梁构造配筋。 13.尽量避免长高比小于4的短梁,采用时箍筋应全梁加密,梁上筋通长,梁纵筋不宜过
20、大。 14.扁梁宽度不必过大,只要钢筋能正常摆下及受剪满足即可。因为在挠度计算时,梁宽对刚度影响不大,加宽一倍,挠度减小20%左右。相对来讲,增大钢筋更经济,钢筋加大一倍,挠度减小60%左右,同时梁的上筋应大部分通长布置,以减小混凝土徐变对挠度的增大,如果上筋不小于下筋,挠度减小20%。 15.框架梁高取1/101/15跨度,扁梁宽可取到柱宽的两倍。扁梁的箍筋应延伸至另一方向的梁边。 当一宽框架梁托两排间距较小的柱时,可加一刚性挑梁,两个柱支承在刚性挑梁的端头。附录2Structural Design Of The FrameAbstract : Some contents are the s
21、ame in the different kinds of structural design, for instance floor , stair ,etc., it is to help the designer to see this text to leak one , reduce mistake ,etc. reducibly while doing the frame structural design to write thisgentle purpose, can skip with readers with thesame content of ArticleKeywor
22、d: Frame Design concrete First,Structure specification is mainly design considerations, the grade of antidetonation , the grade of peoples air defense , situation of the ground and bearing the weight of strength , dampproof impervious method , live load value, the grade of material , precautions whi
23、le constructing, select the detail drawing for use, the detail drawing or node in common use , and the information not drawn and expressing through stating in the construction drawingFor instance the alkali content of the concrete cant exceed 3kg/m3 ,etc Two. Every layers of layout of the structure
24、is pursued , include: 1. To assign prefabricated board whether exertion , board of board sew size and mix muscle. While marking counting and type of the prefabricated board , dont adopt the form of the diagonalBecause this kind of method is apt to cause the crossing of the line, should adopt the met
25、hod of the horizontal line or the perpendicular line , the room of the same type marks the brass-wind instrument of room types directly. Should the whole floor unify serial number is reducible to design work load , help constructors think pursue too. The board is sewn and tried ones best to be 40, t
26、his kind of board is sewn and unworthy of the muscle or add a muscle. Cloth other cloth board from room at the board, try ones best to adopt the wide board, the cast-in-place board is taken and stayed in the place by the window, cast-in-place board bandwidth had better 200 consider hot-water heating
27、 set up and is in charge of wearing the board If demand to have it while exactly drenching layer on constructing, the board should be greater than 60 while sewing. Exactly drench layer thick 50, mix two-way Concrete C20. The pure frame structure seldom needs adding and exactly drenching layer. The p
28、lace does not have the prefabricated board of the cloth to construct the post. The underground garage can not require availably the prefabricated board because of firing prevention. Frame structure unsuitable to use long to board, otherwise long to Liangping competent to meet office to be easy to ap
29、pear the crack frame to board have. Proposing using the artificial cloth board function cloth prefabricated board of PMCAD, the automatic cloth board cant meet users construction drawing demand , can only respond to the request that the definition loads route of transmittingThe sensitivity , span ex
30、ceed 6 very to the clear height of the floor. Whether 9 meters or can adopt SP board when not according with the modulus , SP board 120 thick can be accomplished 7. 2 meters are stepped. 2. It mix muscle of board not cast-in-place in board, last reinforcing bar,board size not thick. The board genera
31、lly fetches 120 , 140 , 160 , 180 four kinds of size or 120 , 150 , 180 three kinds of size thick. Try ones best to use second steel including diameter |? 10 supply less at present of second steel, receiving the strength reinforcing bar of diameter ?Y 12, besides cliver, cant adopt the first class s
32、teelReinforcing bar should be large diameter heavy interval, but the interval is not greater than 200, the interval tries ones best to spend 200. The general span is below 6. The crack of 6 meters of boards meets the demands. The span neednt break while below 2 meters of top reinforcing bars of boar
33、ding, the reinforcing bar can not be drawn , only prove the reinforcing bar is two-way double 8200. The interval of upper and lower reinforcing bars of the board should be equal, the diameter is very different, but the type of diameter of reinforcing bar should not be too many either. Top floor and
34、is it resist very constant muscle at the board when splitting to consider, or 50% feed through, heavy office add the reinforcing bar, it should be according to drawing and joining the reinforcing bar to draw the open muscle. The board matches the muscle to but merely stamp the number of the board wh
35、en being the same Can generally weave the stiff underpart muscle the samly as a board number , draw in pursueing with top muscle not the same. Can weave it as a board number when forms of the board are different but match the muscle the samly. Should unify the serial number in the whole floorWhen co
36、nsidering wearing the electric wire and is in charge of, thick ?Y 120 of board, does not adopt the sheet metal to add the method of layer of the cushionThe tube well electric wire of the electricity draws the board in the place , because the electric wire is in charge of strengthening the board thic
37、k to 180 possibly too many consider the steel tube of four point 32 storeys will be superposed. Should is it use large span board to try ones best , add roof beam once in room especially house . It is 8200 as 6250, temperature place of great impact to state and distribute the muscle. When it is diff
38、erent that the board carries elevation , the upper muscle of the board should be separated or sloped and passed. Is it choose board open horn to add radiation form surtax muscle to water now open horn of wall in including. Should add the oblique muscle under watering and choosing the board of an ove
39、rcast horn of board now. It should advise top floor by Party A last floor,it more strengthen with profit being the waterproof globality and the decorating not convenient of structure more choose along stability. It choose expose along, rain put on, not chosen not answering because there arent every
40、10-15 meter, having the constant reinforcing bar in corridor. Try ones best to adopt the cast-in-place board, does not adopt for plate making to add and exactly water one layer of schemesBathroom method can for 70 thick +10 discrepancy in elevationcancel the cushion layer. The board under 8 meters c
41、an be adopted not to be a prestressing force board. L , T , cross overcast horn near place board , building of level should water and thicken now, match the muscle two-wayly and doubly, add resisting the lace of 45 degrees of 16 for 4s. To mix muscle propose adopt PMCAD software turn into automatica
42、lly , one can accelerate the speed cast-in-place board, second try ones best to reduce the clerical mistake. Produce floor propose to reinforcing bar serial number , because project might arrange out more than one hundred reinforcing bar symbols when being relatively heavy at mixing muscling automat
43、ically, find out that difficult, if serial number, the serial number should not publish the roomMix muscle when calculating , can consider plasticity internal force distribute again , muscle multiply by 0 at being stiff. 80. Reducing coefficient bendly of 9, will put the muscle stiffly and is multip
44、lied by 1. 11. Coefficient of enlarging of 2. What merits attention is, the imums of some several places that the two-way board reinforcing bar calculated by elasticity is the board, match the muscle according to this and is partial to conservativly, neednt enlarge artificiallySupport frame set a ro
45、of beam in place board on shoulder muscle should not too big , produce to roof beam a too big one additional to sprain the distance in outer lane. Generally: The board is thick adopt |10200 at 150 oclock; Otherwise use 8200. Whether board that PMCAD turn into mix muscle picture should pay attention
46、to the following several points. 1. The one-way board is calculated according to plasticity, and the two-way board is calculated according to the elasticity , should make into a kind of computing technology2. When thick board and sheet metal meet, it is proper that the seat is considered according t
47、o the regular end that the sheet metal supports, but thick board improper, should reduce thick board prop up flat mix muscle , increase of stepping buying the muscle. 3. Only if rectangle board should is it prop up seat mix muscle , increase of stepping buying the muscle to reduce. 4. Count too much
48、 by the room or concave shape board should adopt finite element procedure checking computations their mix the muscle. Is it PM that the board that PMCAD produces match the muscle picture T The board can generally be calculated according to plasticity, the especially basic baseplate and peoples air defense structure. But structure since waterproof is it appear crack and to waterproof to require strict building to allowing, for instance should adopt the elasticity to calculate among the slope , flat roof , cupboard lavatory , distribution ,e
