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1、系 （院）：机械工程系专 业：机械设计制造及自动化姓 名：刘俊学 号：10311437外文出处：English Reading In(用外文写)Mechanical Engineering附 件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。计算机与制造业计算机正在将制造业带入信息时代。 她作为一种新的工具,在商业和管理中的被长期使用,现在它正逐步进入工厂,而且它的来到来就像蒸汽机在 100 年以前的到来一样，为制造业带来的翻天覆地的变化。虽然基本的机械加工程序不会发生根本的改变，但是由于计算机的加入，制造业中的组织和控制过程必将发生改变。从某一方面可以说，早期的制造业是一种家庭工业: 设计者同时也是制
2、造者,产品的构思和制造一次完成。 后来，零配件的可互换性的概念被推广出来, 生产按其专业功能被分开生产，由此以来，同样的零配件每次可以被数以千计的生产出来。今天，虽然设计者和制造者不可能再是一个人，但是，设计和制造这两种功能正在被一个趋向于整合的制造业的系统的过程中逐渐融合。可能最具有嘲讽意义的是,每当市场需求一个产品高度多元化市场的时候，增加生产率并且减少成本的需求促使制造业向集成与一个紧密的系统的方向发展。这是一个连续过程的过程，某个零配件不需要在运输和等待加工这些环节上多浪费95%的生产时间。计算机正是这两个中需求满足的关键。 它是能够提供快速反映，柔韧和速度的唯一工具, 是去迎合一个多
3、元化的市场的最好工具。 而且它是唯一的对制造业的系统集成进行必需的详细分析和能利用其精准数据的最佳工具。在未来，计算机可能对公司的生存是很重要的。当今大部分生产力低下的企业都将会被生产力更高的企业所代替。 生产力如此高的企业的结合成就了更高生产质量，具有更高生产力的工厂。这样的工厂的最终目标就是设计和运行一个会以高生产力生产 100% 合格的零配件的工厂。一个复杂又竞争的世界正是需要制造业开始创造更多的工作，使它本身变的更为复杂。举例来说，为了适应竞争，一家公司将会必须满足对比较好的产品多元化的略微相矛盾的要求，较高的性质，改良的生产力和更低的产品价格。寻求符合这些需求的公司将会需要一个复杂的
4、工具,它将能够更快地对客户的需要做出反应，并利用它从制造资源中获得利益。计算机就是那种工具。想要成为 超高质量, 超高生产力的工厂需要对一个非常复杂的系统进行集成 。计算机可能就是用来完成整合所有制造业的元素设计，制造和组合，质量保证，管理和操作事物的最好工具了。 在产品设计过程中, 举例来说, 交互式计算机辅助设计系统能够让部分样机测试的进程的得到提高，从而更进一步加速设计程序。在制造工业的规划中，计算机辅助编程工艺程序可以从数以千计的设计的可能顺序和预定计划中选取最适合的程序来选用。在工厂中，分布着许多微型计算机去用做控制机器,操控自动化载入和卸货设备和收集工厂车间的资料信息。但是计算机所
5、带来的这些好处还远远不够。在本质上，我们需要计算机集成得以广泛的运用，及时并且全方位的从生产开始到结束全面的提高生产系统的效率。改进的交流信息技术可以使设计有更好的可制造性。 数控程序设计者和工具设计者可以有机会给产品设计者提出建议, 反之亦然。因此可以减少工程学的改变, 而且使那些犯了本质错误的地方可以更加快速的改进。 同时它也能够为数据的后来使用者做出详细的改进说明，并给予提醒。生产控制数据的随时更新，帮助管理层制定更好的工作规划和更有效率的工作进度。因此,昂贵的生产设备能得以更好的利用, 它不仅增加了产品在生产时的运送效率, 同时还减少加工的花费。产品质量也被同时改良。 例如，生产控制数
6、据不只能够帮助工人更加正确的生产产品,还能保证质量部门利用这些数据，消除生产过程中所产生的错误。人们能够更好的做好他们的工作。 计算机的加入帮助人们除去沉闷的计算和文书工作不用再浪费时间去搜索信息 它不但允许劳动者更有效的生产，而且还能释放他们去做只有人类才能做的事: 有创造力地思考。计算机集成也可能吸引新人进入制造业。 因为他们想要在一个充满科技现代化的环境中去工作。在制造工程学中, CAD/ CAM 减少了用来工装设计，收集控制和编写工作规划的时间。而且同时加快了响应速度,甚至能使公司内部人员在多余的时间中可以完成公司外部人的工作。在绘图室里,计算机更为广泛地运用于设计和工程成分细化。运用
7、计算机系统制造工程图形为制造商带来了利润。（1）单一设计标准；（2）成分一致性说明；（3）去除了手工绘图的非一致性的所产生的不确定因素；（4）易于图形的修正；（5）类似零件只需较小的改动就可生成简单的图形；（6）工作效率的提高。对于设计者而言，计算机辅助设计是描绘的好帮手，它可以进行基本的设计，并对修正结果做出非常快速的评估。对于绘图员而言，消除了工作的竞争性，转而使得人们更关注于绘图的标准和类型。绘图的速度也得到增长。使用传统的绘图技术一年只能绘制250张图。而其中50张的主要图就将占据一半的时间。如果使用计算机辅助设计系统就可以甚至将三倍于前面的工作量都可以完成。当然，它的价值体现在生产制
8、造的产品性质。对于大多数绘图员而言，最大的敌人是竞争性的工作和重复工作所带来的疲劳。这将导致绘图的错误和对图形的修正。在计算机辅助设计系统中，绘图员可以逐渐地学习掌握新的技术。这引起了人们的关注，而不是拘泥于传统的设计方法。最终，取得了利润，同时，生产效率提高了。与工程制图一样，计算机辅助设计能够生成零件制造清单，诸如材料需求和规划等。它还能进行计算，例如面积，重心，几何运算以及进行有限元分析。这种分析计算无须深入的努力，只需绘制简单的图形就可以同时完成上述功能分析。因为较容易生成变量和储存它们，所以，使用以上提及的技术对任意一个设计的材料进行细化分析是可能的，这将节省大量的产品开发资金，同时
9、，在赋予实践时，某些系统可以旋转机械零件和模拟运动。因此计算机辅助设计系统是一个多功能的工具，它不仅能够消除恼人的竞争性工作，还能提高设计者和绘图员的设计输出的质量。与车间控制进行交流对于办公设计者来说是至关重要的。通过工程图纸进行讨论交流。通过这些图纸可以生成制造零件的细化的建设性规划表。然后通过技术工人的设置进行零件的生产制造。通过它可以预测出可能导致错误的工艺。随着计算机辅助设计系统的出现，工艺得到了长足发展，工程师可以根据图纸编写详尽的代码。这些编码被重新编制然后反馈给纸带再组合成可以识别的指令输给数控机床控制刀具的运动，切削刀具根据指令进行切削加工，通过刀具的机械运动生产出零件。基于
10、计算机辅助设计系统可以通过绘图员绘出的图形生成机器指令，然后直接将编码信息输入到纸带机器上通过纸带上的打洞表示信息，并将其传输给数控机床切削刀具。产品工程师一旦生成工艺规划表，通过设计工程师将能够理解绘图需求和加工工艺之间的关系。市场经济的高竞争性使得工程公司希望售出他们的产品以挑战他们的产品功能和设计能力，然后通过快速的足够发展与竞争者进行基于价格和交货期限的竞争。由于使用计算机辅助设计系统，导致关于工程的快速投标成为一种可能的趋势，这将允许工程师接触到较多的产品，从而可以即兴地想出最佳产品设计的可行性方案以及赚取最低的成本投入。 The computer and manufacturing
11、The computer is bringing manufacturing into the information Age. This new tool, long a familiar one in business and management operations, is moving into the factory, and its advent is changing manufacturing as certainly as the steam engine changed it 100 years ago.The basic metalworking processes a
12、re not likely to change fundamentally, but their organization and control definitely will.In one respect, manufacturing was a cottage industry: the designer was also the manufacturer, conceiving and fabricating products one at a time. Eventually, the concept of the interchangeability of parts was de
13、veloped, production was separated into speciakized functions, and identical parts were produced thousands at a time.Today, although the designer and manufacturer may not become one again, the functions are being drawn close in the movement toward an integrated manufacturing system.It is perhaps iron
14、ic that, at a time when the market demands a high degree of product diversification, the necessity for increasing productivity and reducing costs is diving manufacturing toward integration into a coherent system, a continuous process in which parts do not spend as much as 95% of production time bein
15、g moved around or waiting to be worked on.The computer is the key to each of these twin requirements. It is the only tool that can provide the quick reflexes, the flexibility and speed, to meet a diversified market. And it is the only tool that enables the detailed analysis and the accessibility of
16、accurate data necessary for the integration of the manufacturing system.It may well be that, in the future, the computer may be essential to a companys survival. Many of todays businesses will fade away to be replaced by more-productive combinations. Such more-productive combinations are superqualit
17、y, superproductivity plants. The goal is to design and operate a plant that would produce 100% satisfactory parts with good productivity.A sophisticated, competitive world is requiring that manufacturing begin to settle for more, to become itself sophisticated. To meet competition, for example, a co
18、mpany will have to meet the somewhat conflicting demands for greater product diversification, higher quality, improved productivity, and low prices.The company that seeks to meet these demands will need a sophisticated tool, one that will allow it to respond quickly to customer needs while getting t
19、he most out of its manufacturing resources.The computer is that tool.Becoming a “superquality, superproductivity” plant requires the integration of an extremely complex system. This can be accomplished only when all elements of manufacturing-design, fabrication and assembly, quality assurance, manag
20、ement, materials handling- are computer integrated.In product design, for example, interactive computer-aided-design(CAD)systems allow the drawing and analysis tasks to be performed in a fraction of the prototype testing and evaluation further speed the design process.In manufacturing planning, comp
21、uter-aided process planning permits the selection, from thousands of possible sequences and schedules, of the optimum process.On the shop floor, distributed intelligence in the form of microprocessors controls machines, runs automated loading and unloading equipment, and collects data on current sho
22、p conditions.But such isolated revolutions are not enough. What is needed is a totally automated system, linked by common software from front door to back.The benefits range throughout the system. Essentially, computer integration provides widely and instantaneously available, accurate information,
23、improving communication between departments, permitting tighter control, and generally enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of the entire system.Improved communication can mean, for example, designs that are more producible. The NC programmer and the tool designer have a chance to influence
24、the product designer, and vice versa.Engineering changes, thus, can be educed, and those that are required can be handled more efficiently. Not only dose the computer permit them to be specified more quickly, but it also alerts subsequent users of the data to the fact that a change has been made.The
25、 instantaneous updating of production-control data permits better planning and more-effective scheduling. Expensive equipment, therefore, is used more productively, and parts move more efficiently through production, reducing work-in-process costs.Product quality, too, can be improved. Not only are
26、more-accurate designs produced, for example, but the use of design data by the quality-assurance department helps eliminate errors due to misunderstandings.People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations and paperwork-not to mention time wasted searching for informati
27、on-the computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also frees them to do what only human beings can do: think creatively.Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing. People are attracted because they want to work in a modern, technologically sophisticated environm
28、ent.In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool-design. NC-programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, which will eventually permit in-house staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out.Computer are being used increasingly for both design and detailing
29、of engineering components in the drawing office.The creation of engineering drawings using a CAD system offers a manufacturer the following advantages:(1) uniform design standards;(2) consistent specification of components;(3) Elimination of inaccuracies caused by hand-copying of drawings and incons
30、istency between drawings; (4) Easier modification to drawings;(5) Simpler production of similar drawings having minor changes;(6) Increased productivity.To the designer, the CAD system becomes the sketch pad, allowing the facility to draw the basic design, evaluate and modify very quickly. To the dr
31、aughtsman, repetitive work is eliminated, and it allows concentration on improving standards and styles of drawing.The rate at which drawings are produced increases. It has been estimated that using conventional draughting techniques a detail draughtsman produces 250 drawings annually. About 50 of t
32、hese are major drawings occupying about half the time. Using a CAD system it has been shown that an improvement of over 3 times this work output can be achieved. This value, of course, depends on the nature of the product.The main enemy of most draughtsmen is the repetitive work and the resulting bo
33、redom. This results in drawing errors and the need to modify drawings. With a CAD system the draughtsman is continually learning new techniques on the system. Attention is held more acutely than it is with conventional draughting methods. Consequently, interest is held and, hence, productivity goes
34、up.As well as engineering drawings, the CAD system can produce parts lists, material requirements and planning charts, etc. it can also be used to perform basic calculations such as areas, work out centres of gravity, do geometric calculations and Carry out stress analysis using finite element techn
35、iques. These calculations are done during normal access to the drawing with little effort and almost instantaneous response. Because it is easy to produce design variants and store them, it is possible to analyse the structural and functional aspects of any design in great detail using techniques ju
36、st mentioned. This can save a great deal of money in developing a product, and on some systems it is possible to rotate machine parts and simulate their actual operation when put into service.The CAD system therefore is a versatile tool, able to assist the designer and draughtsman to improve their w
37、ork output, remove repetitive boring work, and give consistent, quality drawings.It has always been an essential part of the drawing office to communicate with the shop floor. This was always done through discussions and reference to engineering drawings. From these drawings were produced planning s
38、heets giving details of the method proposed to manufacture the component. The machines were then set by skilled workers to produce the part. It can be envisaged that this process could lead to mistakes and hence incorrect components.With the advent of the CAD system a process has developed whereby e
39、ngineers write simple coded programmes of the details contained on the engineering drawings, and then feed thee into the computer. These coded instructions are re-arranged and then fed back to a punched tape machine which is programmed to accept coded instructions suitable for feeding into a numeric
40、al controlled(NC) machine tool. The machine tool is then capable of converting these instructions into machining operations and the component is produced by the robotic action of the tools.Also, it is now possible to create machining instructions by the draughtsman producing a drawing on the CAD sys
41、tem, and coded information being fed directly to a tape machine where punched tape is produced ready for inserting into the NC machine tool. The job of the production engineer who once produced the planning sheets is now largely superseded by a design engineer capable of understanding the relationsh
42、ip between drawing requirements and the machining process.With the highly competitive marketplace that exists in the world today, engineering companies wishing to sell their products need to complete their specifications and designs fast enough to compete with their rivals on price ad delivery dates, etc. By using a CAD system, rapid tendering on projects is possible and it allows the engineers the facility to look at many options and hence come up with the ideal solution regarding feasibility, design excellence and cost.
