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1、1. The Definition of LogisticsAfter completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics fac
2、ilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.Three major functions of logistics (1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at differen
3、t times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods. (2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location v
4、alue of logistics. (3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create
5、added value for goods.2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include: (1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportat
6、ion, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600400mm, from the logistics module of 1,2001,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,5912,438mm-the size of highwide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes o
7、f containers for trains, trucks and ships. (2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management
8、of the logistics industry.3.International Logistics An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrate
9、d logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.There are some future trends in internationalization: (1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities (2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones. (3) Reduction in the amount of in
10、ternational paperwork and documentation (4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm (5) Increasing number of smaller firm (6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers. (7) Increasing multiple distribution chann
11、elsThe international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics w
12、ill be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functionsmarketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract custo
13、mers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process o
14、f logistics.Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the reproduction and reprocessing locations.Return goods handling. The handling of return g
15、oods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be v
16、ery high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies. 5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL) Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the
17、 second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper service
18、s are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pickups and deliveries, whereas inhouse transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:* The company does not specialize in logistics;
19、* The company does not have sufficient resources;* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities inhouse;* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcin
20、g logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.6.Global Logistics Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemb
21、lies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer ser
22、vice. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.There are three major flows involved in glo
23、bal logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.7.Logistics into the Future Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth: Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself (1) Highspeed computing and data transmission
24、can instantly transmit and react to user demand(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing (3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting Sec
25、ondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy. (1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing. (3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faste
26、r and more flexible (4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another (5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.8.The process of logistical integration ca
27、n be divided into four stages:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).Stage 2. PDM was
28、applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of th
29、e production operation.Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process reengineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “ System integration” occ
30、urred. Crossfunctional integration should achieve greater results.物流的定义在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。物流的三大主要功能 (1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。 (2)创造
31、场所价值: 同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。 (3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。2.物流作为新兴的商务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下两个方面: (1)现代物流采用了集装技术。商品物流往往从包装开始,而后经历运输、储存和配送等过程。整个过程始终在物流标准化的前提下运行。以物流基础模数尺寸600400MM为基
32、础,制定出物流模数尺寸12001000MM,并将其放大至25912438MM,即形成集装箱的高度与宽度标准尺寸。并能调整成适合铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准规格尺寸。 (2)信息技术在现代物流中尤其重要。条形码、销售时点系统、电子数据传输系统、全球卫星定位系统的使用,极大地提高了物流活动的效率和精确程度。而互联网更加有助于物流管理的市场开发、运营和管理。国际物流很多企业正通过出口、许可、合营或跨国经营涉足国际市场。这种趋势仍将持续。随着这种趋势的发展，开发国际物流网络成为必须。整合物流管理和成本分析将更加复杂和困难。国际化将呈现出以下未来趋势： (1)物流将更多地承担起国际义务 (2)对外贸易区
33、的数量和规模的扩大 (3)国际有纸作业和单据制作的数量的减少 (4)更多的涉外仓储业务由出口企业经营和控制 (5)小企业的数量增长 (6)物流服务企业的涉外经营，如公营仓储业务和国际运输商 (7)增加多配送渠道从某些方面讲，国际运输等同于国际物流。因此，当涉足国际贸易领域时，企业必须建立国际物流系统以提供需要的产品或服务。国际物流的更重要的发展在于大力采用先进的信息系统和实行独立的部门运作。4.包装。包装执行两个基本的功能营销和物流。就市场营销而言，包装承担促销和广告的功能。其尺寸、重量、颜色和印制的信息会对顾客产生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业涉足国际市场营销时，包装就显得更为重要。出
34、口到国外的产品需要运输更长的距离，经历更多的装卸搬运。而物流包装在物流过程中起到了保护产品的作用。废弃物处理。物流过程中的活动也应当包括高效快速地对废弃物进行装卸、运输和仓储。如若废弃物能够重新利用或回收，物流企业应当合理安排并将其运送到再生产或再加工地点。退货处理。退货处理通常叫做反向配送。买方可能因各种原因将产品退回卖方。多数物流系统未能对此类事件作出足够妥善的处理。在很多行业，消费者因维修保证、更换或回收而退回产品，因而反向配送的成本可能会很高。由于顾客对退货政策的要求更加灵活、更加实惠，反向配送将更加重要。 5.第三方物流第三方物流提供了所有的物流活动。他们在第一方（供应商或生产商）和
35、第二方（买方或顾客）之间扮演着桥梁或设施供应商的角色。第三方物流提供商的基本目标是降低供应商的整体物流成本，提高顾客服务水平。第三方物流增长十分迅速。成本降低和对更好更便宜的服务的需求是增长背后的动力。第三方物流提供商能够将来自几家企业的业务进行整合，并能提供频繁的提货和交货，而企业内部运输无法做到。（第三方物流发展的）其它原因如下：* 企业并不专长于物流* 企业自身没有足够的物流资源* 对实施更好的物流运作的期盼，或没有时间开发内部物流所需要的能力* 企业正投资一项新领域，该领域有着不同的物流需求* 外包物流运营可能比整合物流运营更加有吸引力6.全球物流发达国家常在两个方面实施全球化:在第三
36、世界国家谋求更大的成本优势,以及在其他国家寻找新的合作伙伴生产零配件、半成品甚至制成品。这第二个方面迫使发达国家不得不进入一个叫做“全球物流”的新领域。全球经营的利益包括(获得)廉价的原材料和终端产品,降低的劳动成本,更好的质量,提升国际竞争力以及更好的客户服务。其缺点主要是交货的不可靠性,艰难的沟通以及从产品的设计到产品的生产完成需要更长的时间。面临的挑战经常来自于文化和语言的差异,法律要求,物流支持,寻求合适的全球供应商或生产商,外汇汇率等。全球物流涉及到三种流转:物料流转,单据流转和资金流转。7.物流走向未来物流正以高速改变着。其高速增长原因有二:第一,因自身系统的发展而被迫变革 (1)
37、高速计算机系统和数据交换系统能持续地对用户需求实行流转和操作 (2)通过计算机和数据加工能实现更加灵活的精确的物流计划和管理 (3)柔性计算机设施有助于问题的解决和提高决策的精确度 (4)对整体成本衡量和财务管理的清醒认识第二,来自范围经济变革的压力。 (1)为了谋求更大竞争力,对于不同规模市场的处理需要有灵活性 (2)市场规格和零售增长的大幅度提升 (3) 产品的生产周期缩短。物流系统就要更高效、更快、更灵活 (4) 从规模生产转向柔性生产系统(FMS) 。这些系统能使企业从一种产品的生产迅速转向另一种产品的生产 (5)竞争的压力导致企业更加努力地提高客户服务水平。8.物流整合的过程可分为四个阶段:第一阶段:开始于0世纪60年代的美国,涉及到所有相关的配送活动的整合。分离的经销部门得协调与货物配送管理(PDM)相关的所有过程的管理。第二阶段:PDM应用于物流、部件和半成品的往返流转活动,通常称之为“物料管理”。至20世纪70年代晚期,很多企业业已建立了“物流部门”以全权负责与生产运作相关的上游和下游产品的搬运、仓储和装卸等。第三阶段:因其成为面对众多功能的接口,物流承担起重要的协调作用。随着20世纪90年代早期业务流程再造(BPR)的出现,物流及其相关功能的关系被重新定义。“系统整合”开始出现。功能交叉整合应该大幅度实现.
