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1、引 言如今的世界，已经是步入了信息化的时代，特别是互联网的迅猛发展，带动了信息进入我们生活的各个领域，也使得信息化建设成为各行业、各领域增强自身管理效率和核心竞争力的重要手段。出版业作为我国社会主义文化产业的一部分，在信息化建设方面相对于其他领域，有成绩是肯定的，但仍然显得滞后，建设水平不够高，离市场需求还有一定距离，还有很大的发展潜力，在我国信息化建设中应该发挥更大的作用。同时要充分利用先进的电子信息技术改造出版业，来加快出版业信息化建设的步伐。出版社信息化建设是用一种全新的、先进的管理理念，一种全新的机制，一种全新的企业文化来改变以前的管理模式，是一种管理模式的变革。它充分利用信息技术与出
2、版社管理模式的结合，来推动管理水平的提升。面对日益激烈的竞争，出版社必须转变思路，确立全新的经营理念，确立以读者需求为中心，提供专业化的一流服务。信息化建设更是一场管理体制的革命，它要用先进的思想模式和技术手段改变以前的管理模式，用数字化、规范化、程序化、标准化来进行管理，用量化的指标支持奖惩与分配政策，体现激励机制。通过这场改革和革命，最终实现出版社的办公自动化、管理网络化、资源数字化、商务电子化。而在整个的出版过程中，编务管理是出版行业信息管理系统的重要部分,它将编务人员及图书管理人员从繁重的事务性工作中解放出来,并使管理工作更透明、更科学,此次的系统如果有了良好的分析与设计,不但对编务管
3、理,而且对整个出版行业的管理信息系统的建设都具有十分重要的意义。本文将以北京科学技术出版社为例，为出版企业编务管理部门的信息化建设提出一个可行性方案，为将来的出版社进行信息化建设打下良好的基础。附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and Design Working under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application inv
4、olves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isnt enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying e
5、mployees. What components are involved? Each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the payche
6、cks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people,
7、 called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the users field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to commun
8、ication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination,
9、and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1. Problem definition2. Analysis3. Design4. Implementation 5. MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers.
10、 The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, to
11、o much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reor
12、ders adding to it. 1 The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Per
13、haps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analysts objective is determining what the user (in this case, the stores owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information,
14、 and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a magic box, and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or
15、her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analysts understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings a
16、nd oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1. Can the problem be so
17、lved?2. Can it be salved in the users environment?3. Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, the analyst can turn to planning and developing a proble
18、m solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be perfo
19、rmed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the systems basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because c
20、ustomers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The stores owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with m
21、anagement. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the systems basic functions, the analysts next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the fun
22、ctions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the
23、 system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a
24、 disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a persons memory. Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOME
25、R. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evalua
26、ting the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is
27、handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description an
28、d the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elemen
29、ts, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the
30、procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a data dictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index
31、cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of anal
32、ysis is to define the systems major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the users needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visuali
33、ze programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also
34、, they jog the analysts memory) for example, if the analyst doesnt have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analysts understanding of the system requi
35、rements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objectiv
36、e is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the systems n
37、ecessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Lets focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent
38、 programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig. 4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory fi
39、le is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies
40、several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to the hardware and the programs, well need data structures for the inventory file and for data
41、flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the com
42、ponents, the next task is defining the data structures. Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the files data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? T
43、hat depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is no
44、t always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because thats when the air defense program is run i
45、s absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable c
46、hoice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process the
47、m as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direc
48、t access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the programs structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the systems major components have been
49、identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the compo
