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1、昆 明 学 院2012 届毕业论文论文题目（英文）Analysis of Long Sentence in English-Chinese Translation Techniques论文题目（中文）浅析英汉中长句翻译技巧 姓 名 学 号 2 所属院/系 外国语学院 专业年级 2010级英语专业 指导教师 2012年 5 月学士学位论文诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全了解本声明的法律
2、结果将由本人承担。学士论文作者签名： 日 期： 年 月 日摘 要 英汉翻译除了基本原则之外，尚有许多技巧性问题直接影响到译文的正确性及质量的高低。一般来说，英文长句的汉译应优先考虑短分译出，然后在根据汉语的表达习惯重新组合。在译文风格选择方面，为了达到译文准确这一基本目标，宁“原汁原味”，勿“天马行空”。在语态方面，汉语译文则应在英语中的被动语态变换为汉语的主动语态，采用符合汉语习惯的主动语态。本文就翻译中常见的一些技巧做了一些分析与总结。关键词：翻译; 技巧; 长句; 语态 AbstractIn addition to the basic principles of English-Chin
3、ese translation practices, there are more some problems of techniques which could affect the translation correctness and quality. Generally, the long English sentences should give the priority of translating with a short branch, and then reorganize in accordance with the Chinese expression. In order
4、 to make the translated version precise, we would rather translate the long sentences literally than do this freely according to the fundamental principles. With the aspect of voice, the English passive voice should be translated into the Chinese active voice in accordance with Chinese habits. There
5、fore, with the view of some common techniques in the translation, this thesis will have some analyses and conclusions.Key Words: translation; technique; long sentence; voiceTable of ContentsIntroduction1Chapter1 Shortening in Long Sentence Translation Skill.11.1 The Differences and Reasons of Englis
6、h-Chinese Language in the Structure of Sentence11.2 Priority to Consideration of Shortening Long sentence into Short Sentence.21.3 Analysis of Long Sentence.31.4. Restructuring.4Chapter2 The Methods of Long Translations.52.1. From the Surface to the Deep Method52.2. The Method of Coherent Translatio
7、n62.3. The Method of Division.72.4. The Method of Inversion.8Chapter3 The Voice in Long Sentences93.1. Passive Voice.93.2. Using Static Skill in the English Long Sentence and Dynamic Skill in the Chinese Long Sentence10Conclusion.11References.13中文参考文献.13Acknowledgements.14Introduction The Chinese an
8、d English translation is the necessary part of the process in the exchange of two cultures. As for the principles of the Chinese and English translation, Early Modern famous scholar Yen Fu had the view of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” on translation, and then has the view of “faithfuln
9、ess and fluency” on it. Totally, the requirements of translation have been reached a consensus on the process of its practice, namely, faithful to the original context, the fluency of language, but if we want reach this purpose, its not so easy to get it. Most people have this feeling which is that
10、after reading the original context, they seems understand its meaning, but while translating it, they do not how to do that. The main reason is that they can not deal with the Chinese and English translation with an appropriate way. Therefore, this thesis will have an analysis of these basic problem
11、s, especially in the long sentence in English-Chinese translation techniques.Chapter 1 Shortening in Long Sentence Translation Skill1.1. The Differences and Reasons of English-Chinese Language in the Structure of Sentence.In order to translate English sentence more precise, we should understand the
12、differences and reasons of English-Chinese language in the structure of sentence. Language is the production of the thought and culture, as well as the carrier of the thought and culture, so that the differences among culture certainly result in the differences of the languages psychology and langua
13、ge. Such as, the focus of grammar principles in the India-European language system; no grammar book in China before the book of Ma Wen-Tong , which the famous linguist Mr. Wang Li has once said that: “Given the structure of sentence, the Western language is the rule by law, but the Chinese language
14、is the rule by people.” English belongs to the India-European language system, which naturally belongs to the rule by law(grammar), but the rule by law must strictly adhere to the principles of grammar, which must be equipped with the main factors in one sentence. Owing to the principles of grammar,
15、 the more comprehensive additional factors with English is not strange. In the view of the rule by law of the Chinese people, “reasonable word is the best”, if it does not interfere with the meaning, whatever the factors of the sentence used, and it is ok. Therefore, because of no grammars rules, th
16、e complicated sentences structure easily causes the ambiguity of expression, so that the Chinese sentence generally shortens into short sentence. One short and long sentences, is the most obvious difference between the two languages in the sentences structure. Some people in Britain and the United S
17、tates do not seem to be very long sentences, but in the eyes of the Chinese people like be all at the sea, when translation, they can not how to start. For example, the logical rigorous expression, complex structure and more long sentences of the number of languages in the international law or treat
18、y which can not easily be translated. English poetic language should be the most concise, but Miltons “Paradise Lost” the first sentence of the first chapter is as long as 122 English words whose complex structure is very difficult for readers to find the main idea, of course, not mention to the pre
19、cise translation.1.2. Priority to Consideration of Shortening Long Sentence into Short SenetenceLu Xun once held that the Western long sentence should be translated in accordance with the rules, or even word by word, who believed that this not only could more preserve vigor of the original sentence
20、with shortening several short sentences, but also could introduce new patterns with rich in the Chinese sentences structure, thereby, allowing the Chinese more complete. Although this viewpoint is very reasonable, for the general people (especially beginners), in the view of whose English foundation
21、 is limited, which can not be for good. So, when the initial, we should translate complex long sentence into thousands of English words for the best. Specifically, on the basis of grasping the main skeleton of long sentence, we should translate additional components (sentences r phrases) into the Ch
22、inese, and then each clause pronouns (usually as subject) translated into a noun or pronoun, then reorganize the structure sequence of each sentence in accordance with the Chinese practice. At least, all of these can be “faithfulness”, the Chinese is able to reflect the fundamental connotation of th
23、e original context. For example, the following long sentences:(1) Pride and doubt too had kept him within doors, when the Priest and the people of the village, and the servant of the house, had gone out to welcome my Lord Castlewood. (2)Harry Esmond was no servant, though a dependant, no relative, t
24、hough he bore the name and inherited the blood of the house;（3）and in the midst of the noise and acclamations at-tending the arrival of the new lord,（4）for whom, you may be sure, a feast was got ready, and guns were fired, and tenants and domestics hailed（5）when the carriage approached and rolled in
25、to the courtyard of the Hall,（6）no one ever took any notice of young Henry Esmond,（7）who sat unobserved and alone in the Books-room, until the afternoon of the day, when his new friends found him.(2) According to connotation of the whole sentence, we should give priority to divide the whole sentence
26、 in to seven parts for translation, and then reorganize the sequence in accordance with the Chinese practice. Namely, Pride and doubt too had kept him within doors, when the Priest and the people of the village, and the servant of the house, had gone out to welcome my Lord Castlewood. Harry Esmond w
27、as no servant, though a dependant, no relative, though he bore the name and inherited the blood of the house; and in the midst of the noise and acclamations at-tending the arrival of the new lord, for whom, you may be sure, a feast was got ready, and guns were fired, and tenants and domestics hailed
28、 when the carriage approached and rolled into the courtyard of the Hall, one ever took any notice of young Henry Esmond, who sat unobserved and alone in the Books-room, until the afternoon of the day, when his new friends found him.1.3Analysis of Long SentenceGenerally, there are three reasons which
29、 can result in long sentence: (1) more adjuncts (2) more abreast components (3) more level of language structure. As analysis of long sentence, it can adopt the following approaches:(1)Finding the subject, predicate and object and holding the structure of sentence from a whole;(2) Finding all the pr
30、edicative structure, nonobjective verb and prepositional phrase;(3) Anglicizing the function of the clause and phrase;(4) Paying attention to the parentheses and other components;(5)Paying attention to fixed phrases or fixed pairs;For example 1: Behaviorist suggests that the child who is raised in a
31、n environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.Analysis: (1)The sentences subject is behaviorists, the predicate is suggests, the object is a clause, therefore, the whole sentence is the structur
32、e of Behaviorist suggest that-clause.(3) In total, this sentence has five predicates, which are suggests, is raised, are, develop, experience and so on, the relation of these five predicates is the subject of Behaviorist suggest that-clause; who is raised in an environment is the attributive clause;
33、 where there are many stimuli is the attributive clause; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses is the attributive clause; the subject is child, the predicative is experience and the object is greater intellectual development in the objective clause.After the above analysis, we
34、have an intensive understanding for this sentence, so we translate it into Chinese.(Translation version): 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。For example 2: For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with al
35、most unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.Analysis: (1) The main structure of this sentence is that it is more to do sth than to do sth else, which is comparative structure. (2) This sentence totally has three predicate, the relation of them is that: it
36、is more convenient as well as cheaper to , but it is regarded as the formal subject, and the real subject is: to sit comfortably at home. (3) The adverbial adjunct is: for a family of four. In addition, there also are two preps which are regarded as parentheses: for example, with almost unlimited en
37、tertainment available.We can translate it into Chinese.(Translation version): 譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。1.4. Restructuring It is called that “reorganization”, which is from the original level and the structure arrangement to restructure sentence in accordance wi
38、th the word order in Chinese. The application of the method of restructuring can be free from the limitation of the original order and sentence form, which allow the translation with nature and fluency to be more in line with the Chinese practice. As the difference between the original expression or
39、der and the Chinese expression order, we can break out the original order and structure for restructuring sentence in accordance with the time and logical order. For example, it is common on experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes to a feeling of well
40、-being whether or not exercise adds to the length of life.(Translation version): 不管运动是否能延年益寿，但一定量的运动可以增进健康并使人精神愉快，这一点却是人们共有的体验。Chapter 2 The Methods of Long Sentence Translation2.1. From the Surface to the Deep MethodWe talked about the problem of shortening long sentence into short sentence in the
41、above, but it is not a best approach to translate all English long sentences into short sentences, so as for some long sentences, as English-Chinese translation, we can allow the translation to be long sentence after a reasonable way for the original context. Although this English sentence is long,
42、its structure is not complex, which likes parataxis of the Chinese rhetoric, and it usually has a series of prepositional phrase or attributive clause after the noun. In exception with translation of prepositional adjunct, it also must be modified again. For example, one sentence of Alexander Hamilt
43、on, famous book of “On Federal”:“The history of Germany is a history of wars between the Emperor and the princes and States; of wars among the princes and States themselves; of the licentiousness of the strong and the oppression of the weak; of foreign intrusions, and foreign intrigues; of requisiti
44、ons of men and money disregarded, or partially complied with; of general imbecility, confusion, and misery.”With translating this sentence, the word of history must be retranslated, namely, “The history of Germany is a history of wars between the Emperor and the princes and States; of wars among the
45、 princes and States themselves; of the licentiousness of the strong, and the oppression of the weak; of foreign intrusions, and foreign intrigues; of requisitions of men and money disregarded, or partially complied with; of general imbecility, confusion, and misery.”With the view of the translation, although a few of sentences are long in the dram or movie, it should be still divide
