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1、英文参考文献及翻译Linux - Operating system of cybertimesThough for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make up huge work station group, finish special effects of Titanic make , already can be regarded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Recently
2、, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to increase day by day, users enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece what glamour, get the favors of such numerous important
3、 software and hardware manufacturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Netscape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of free (Free ) software : What is called free,mean users can obtain the procedure and source co
4、de freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research and development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , can add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to pa
5、rticipate in. As the most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic of the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of supporting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstanding design philosophy , and there are c
6、lean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels, their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmers, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-users system, the built-i
7、n network supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and assess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , Ex t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time . (3
8、) Can operate it in many kinds of hardwares platform , including such processors as Alpha , SunSparc , PowerPC , MIPS ,etc., to various kinds of new-type peripheral hardwares, can from distribute on global numerous programmer there getting support rapidly too.(4) To that the hardware requires lower,
9、 can obtain very good performance on more low-grade machine , what deserves particular mention is Linux outstanding stability , permitted year count often its running times. 2.Main application of Linux At present,Now, the application of Linux mainly includes: (1) Internet/Intranet: This is one that
10、Linux was used most at present, it can offer and include Web server , all such Inter net services as Ftp server , Gopher server , SMTP/POP3 mail server , Proxy/Cache server , DNS server ,etc. Linux kernel supports IPalias , PPP and IPtunneling, these functions can be used for setting up fictitious h
11、ost computer , fictitious service , VPN (fictitious special-purpose network ) ,etc. Operating Apache Web server on Linux mainly, the occupation rate of market in 1998 is 49%, far exceeds the sum of such several big companies as Microsoft , Netscape ,etc. (2) Because Linux has outstanding networking
12、ability , it can be usedin calculating distributedly large-scaly, for instance cartoon making , scientific caculation , database and file server ,etc. (3) As realization that is can under low platform fullness of Unix that operate , apply at all levels teaching and research work of universities and
13、colleges extensively, if Mexico government announce middle and primary schools in the whole country dispose Linux and offer Internet service for student already. (4) Tabletop and handling official business appliedly. Application number of people of in this respect at present not so good as Windows o
14、f Microsoft far also, reason its lie in Lin ux quantity , desk-top of application software not so good as Windows application far not merely, because the characteristic of the freedom software makes it not almost have advertisement that support (though the function of Star Office is not second to MS
15、 Office at the same time, but there are actually few people knowing). 3.Can Linux become a kind of major operating system? In the face of the pressure of coming from users that is strengthened day by day, more and more commercial companies transplant its application to Linux platform, comparatively
16、important incident was as follows, in 1998 Compaq and HP determine to put forward user of requirement truss up Linux at their servers , IBM and Dell promise to offer customized Linux system to user too. Lotus announce, Notes the next edition include one special-purpose edition in Linux. Corel Compan
17、y transplants its famous WordPerfect to on Linux, and free issue. Corel also plans to move the other figure pattern process products to Linux platform completely.Main database producer: Sybase , Informix , Oracle , CA , IBM have already been transplanted ones own database products to on Linux, or ha
18、s finished Beta edition, among them Oracle and Informix also offer technical support to their products. 4.The gratifying one is, some farsighted domestic corporations have begun to try hard to change this kind of current situation already. Stone Co. not long ago is it invest a huge sum of money to c
19、laim , regard Linux as platform develop a Internet/Intranet solution, regard this as the core and launch Stones system integration business , plan to set up nationwide Linux technical support organization at the same time , take the lead to promote the freedom software application and development in
20、 China. In addition domestic computer Company , person who win of China , devoted to Linux relevant software and hardware application of system popularize too. Is it to intensification that Linux know , will have more and more enterprises accede to the ranks that Linux will be used with domestic eve
21、ry enterprise to believe, more software will be planted in Linux platform. Meanwhile, the domestic university should regard Linux as the original version and upgrade already existing Unix content of courses , start with analysing the source code and revising the kernel and train a large number of se
22、nior Linux talents, improve our countrys own operating system. Having only really grasped the operating system, the software industry of our country could be got rid of and aped sedulously at present, the passive state led by the nose by others, create conditions for revitalizing the software indust
23、ry of our country fundamentally.中文翻译Linux网络时代的操作系统虽然对许多人来说，以Linux作为主要的操作系统组成庞大的工作站群，完成 了泰坦尼克号的特技制作，已经算是出尽了风头。但是对Linux来说，这只是众多新闻 中的一个。最近，有关各厂商宣布支持Linux的新闻日趋增多，用户对Linux的热情也空前高 涨。那么，Linux这个只有7年多的免费操作系统到底有什么魅力，能够获得广大用户及Orac le、Informix、HP、Sybase、Corel、Intel、网景、Dell等众多重要软硬件厂商的青睐呢? 1. Linux的背景和特色Linux是一种“
24、自由(Free)软件”：所谓自由，是指用户可以自由地获取程序及其源代码， 并能自由地使用他们，包括修改或拷贝等。它是网络时代的产物，众多的技术人员通过Inte rnet共同完成它的研究和开发，无数用户参与了测试和除错，并可方便地加上用户自己编制 的扩充功能。作为自由软件中最为出色的一个，Linux具有如下的特点：(1) 完全遵循POSLX标准，并扩展支持所有AT&T和BSD Unix特性的网络操作系统。由于继承 了Unix优秀的设计思想，且拥有干净、健壮、高效且稳定的内核，其所有核心代码都是由Li nus Torvalds以及其他优秀的程序员们完成，没有AT&T或伯克利的任何Unix代码，所以
25、Linu x不是Unix，但Linux与Unix完全兼容。(2) 真正的多任务、多用户系统，内置网络支持，能与NetWare、Windows NT、OS/2、Unix 等无缝连接。网络效能在各种Unix测试评比中速度最快。同时支持FAT16、FAT32、NTFS、Ex t2FS、ISO9600等多种文件系统。(3) 可运行于多种硬件平台，包括Alpha、SunSparc、PowerPC、MIPS等处理器，对各种新型 外围硬件，也可以从分布于全球的众多程序员那里得到迅速地支持。(4) 对硬件要求较低，可在较低档的机器上获得很好的性能，特别值得一提的是Linux出色 的稳定性，其运行时间往往可以“
26、年”计。2. Linux的主要应用领域目前，Linux的应用主要包括：(1) Internet/Intranet：这是目前Linux用得最多的一项，它可提供包括Web服务器、Ftp服 务器、Gopher服务器、SMTP/POP3邮件服务器、Proxy/Cache服务器、DNS服务器等全部Inter net服务。Linux内核支持IPalias、PPP和IPtunneling,这些功能可用于建立虚拟主机、虚拟 服务、VPN(虚拟专用网)等。主要运行于Linux之上的Apache Web服务器，1998年的市场占有 率为49%，远远超过微软、网景等几家大公司之和。(2) 由于Linux拥有出色的联
27、网能力，因此它可用于大型分布式计算，如动画制作、科学计 算、数据库及文件服务器等。(3) 作为可在低平台下运行的Unix的完整(且免费)的实现，广泛应用于各级院校的教学和科 研工作，如墨西哥政府已经宣布在全国的所有中小学配置Linux并为学生提供Internet服务 。(4) 桌面和办公应用。目前这方面的应用人数还远不如微软的Windows，其原因不仅在于Lin ux桌面应用软件的数量远不如Windows应用，同时也因为自由软件的特性使得其几乎没有广 告支持(虽然Star Office的功能并不亚于MS Office，但知道的人并不多)。如今，通常可以通过两个途径获得Linux的发行版：直接从
28、Internet下载，例如RedHat站 点：;更为方便的方法是购买Linux发行商推出的CD-ROM，这样不 仅可以节省下载的时间和费用，还可以使用CD-ROM直接启动快速安装，并且CD-ROM上往往还 包括非常庞大的应用软件集(多达数百兆)，包括各种服务器软件、X-Window、桌面应用、数 据库、编程语言、文档等，安装和使用都非常方便。3. Linux能成为一种主流操作系统吗?面对日益增强的来自用户的压力，越来越多的商业公司将其应用移植到Linux平台，1998年较为重要的事件有：Compaq和HP决定对提出要求的用户在其服务器上捆绑Linux，IBM和Dell也允诺为用户提供 定制的L
29、inux系统。Lotus宣布，Notes的下一版将包括一个专用于Linux的版本。Corel公司将其著名的WordPerfect移植到Linux之上，并免费发行。Corel还计划将其它的 图形图像处理产品完整地移到Linux平台上。主要的数据库厂家：Sybase、Informix、Oracle、CA、IBM都已经将自己的数据库产品移 植到Linux上，或完成了Beta版本，其中Oracle和Informix还对他们的产品提供技术支持。4. Linux对中国软件业的启示可喜的是，已经有一些有远见的国内公司开始力图改变这种现状。不久前四通公司宣布将投 入巨资，以Linux为平台开发一套Intern
30、et/Intranet解决方案，并以此为核心开展四通系统 集成业务，同时计划建立全国性的Linux技术支持组织，带头推动自由软件在中国的应用和 发展。此外，华胜等国内计算机公司也在致力于Linux相关软、硬件系统的应用推广。相信 随着国内各企业对Linux认识的加深，必将有越来越多的企业加入Linux应用的行列，更多的 软件会植根于Linux平台。同时，国内的高校应该以Linux为蓝本更新原有的Unix教学内容，从分析源代码和修改内核 入手培养大量的高级Linux人才，完善我国自己的操作系统。只有真正掌握了操作系统，我 国软件业才能摆脱目前亦步亦趋，被别人牵着鼻子走的被动状况，从根本上为振兴我国的软 件业创造条件。
