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1、Intangible assets appraisal and the out-of-standard countermeasuresEnzo Baglieri Vittorio Chiesa Alberto GrandoABSTRACT Intangible assets are increasingly considered the ultimate roots of companys success.This paper aims to propose a method to estimate the value embedded in R&D activities,which coul
2、d be used for: (i) a una tantum evaluation of a firms value, related tospecific actions such as mergers, acquisition, etc.; and (ii) a periodic evaluation, withthe perspective of the economic reporting, focused to estimate the R&D shareholdervalue creation. The proposed framework is based on the ass
3、umption that there is astrong relationship between the R&D contribution to shareholder value and theoperational performance of R&D activities. The paper describes such a framework aswell as an empirical application.KEY WORDS:intangible assert; Evaluation of intangible assets;R&D Evaluation.INTRODUCT
4、ION Intangible assets evaluation, more and more problems caused by the attention of industry and economic circles.Americans never seriously intangible assets to the universal attention intangible asset, and this is certainly a big improvement.But, in the invisible Asset appraisal.Work in the occurre
5、nce of is tempered out-of-standard caused concerns.THE PERFORMANCE OF ANOMIE A, out-of-standard intangible assets evaluation than tangible assets evaluation, often appear more complex disorder phenomenon.Intangible assets assessment of out-of-standard manifests itself in many ways, summarized up mai
6、nly displays in the following four aspects.One is the legal anomie.Intangible assets assessment is certain laws, regulations, under the guidance of the state, is based on the policy norms, whatever the nature of the enterprise, regardless of what form of intangible assets evaluation cannot violate n
7、ational legal norms.But some appraisal institution ignore the state laws and regulations, made many violate state laws and regulations, make something intangible assets evaluation work to appear anomie phenomenon.Some enterprises in no property changes, hire or the entrusted assets evaluation its go
8、odwill, some still through the news media released its value.This is severely violated the relevant state strictly prohibited without property transactions purpose the rules published the goodwill assessment.Enterprise and advertising department released to the public does not have legal effectivene
9、ss of information, is unfair competition, violation of the anti-unfair competition law and advertising, is obvious illegal behavior.Some assessment institution does not obey the current national laws and regulations, not realistic evaluation purpose to evaluate conclusion.Some valuation institution
10、on the intangible asset of an enterprise when evaluating not take the realistic manner, even business requirements, should be quick to enterprises intangible assets evaluation for hundreds of millions, billions of even tens of billions.If this phenomenon is RenJiZiRan up is bound to the order of the
11、 real dangers valuation industry.Some appraisal institution without obtaining legal appraisal qualifications, or hired without evaluating qualification for evaluation personnel.Illegal appraisal institution plus illegal evaluation personnel, itself lacks the necessary legal basis, the appraisal conc
12、lusion must be that does not have legal effectiveness.Two is the financial anomie.Intangible assets evaluation with basic financial accounting shall be for basic basis, should establish a set of complete financial accounting system and evaluation system, no financial accounting of the intangible ass
13、ets evaluation is lack of accounting basis.Lack of accounting is the basis of the evaluation is not science, is not be legal norms.But some evaluation institutions to enterprise intangible assets evaluation, doesnt follow Financial managements basic requirements for scientific financial accounting,
14、even simple financial statistics are not carried out, it is evaluate conclusion, this is and not serious practice.Evaluate conclusion is against financial standard, of course, is not reliable.Three is ethical anomie.Intangible assets evaluation compared with tangible assets evaluation more complex i
15、n the appraisal process, the subjective factors, agent proportion also much greater.Evaluate conclusion is correct, whether accord with the objective reality, to a great extent, depends on the ideological and moral qualities of personnel assessment of the quality and the occupation morals of level.T
16、he appraisal industry professional ethical requirements appraisal institution and evaluation personnel shall, in line with responsible to society, is responsible for the customer attitude, make every effort to make the assessment work do serious, careful, make the assessment conclusion objective, fa
17、ir, and not to cater to a need or pursue certain sensation effect, make the assessment work appeared arbitrary.But some appraisal institution is not due to the specific work personnels service level caused the problem, but because the conclusion distortion subjective reasons or other factors and lea
18、d to false data or false conclusion, this is not a business technology issues, but a typical ethical issues.Four is the method anomie.Whether tangible assets evaluation or intangible assets evaluation are approximately three ways, namely cost way, market approach and earnings way.The cost of intangi
19、ble assets with the income often create correspondence, using different way smaller, such as using the cost way and earnings were evaluated, conflicting approaches the appraisal conclusion may widely divergent.So, in possible conditions, to use as far as possible many assessment approach, the cost a
20、ssessment approach, market approach and earnings ways organically, and comprehensive evaluation approach the conclusion of the final evaluation results.Intangible assets evaluation methods mainly have reset cost method, earnings present value approach, the current market method, liquidation price an
21、d mathematical method.Evaluate the choice of methods must meet the basic requirements of evaluation objects, mostly have requirement of comprehensive evaluation method, used to find the correct conclusion.But, if certain appraisal institution engaged in, using a simple way or evaluation method to as
22、sess a conclusion that assessment conclusion assessment is certainly untenable, because their conclusions method is against the intangible assets assessment basic methods.ANOMIE REASONS (a) intangible assets evaluation anomie objective factor.1. Is due to the fuzziness of intangible assets evaluatio
23、n objects may cause the distortion of the appraisal conclusion and anomie.Intangible assets are not have obvious physical carrier, is some unseen, touched, intuitive poor asset, have dependence characteristic;Intangible assets of ownership and use right belongs as tangible assets and effectiveness,
24、always clear vaguely adhesive together, this kind of fuzziness characteristics to intangible assets evaluation more difficult.2. Is to evaluate the investigation and analysis of the complexity may make appraisal institution and evaluation personnel, produce the wrong cognition, make wrong judgment.B
25、ecause of the intangible assets evaluation objects to investigate the fuzziness of search range, evaluate valuation methods of many factors, assessment of the complex, the assessment .Accounting treatmentMore complex, assessment of the analysis and calculation of the method is also quite complex, ne
26、ed to put a quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, judgement, the complexity of combining the characteristics of intangible assets assessment that easy to appear anomie phenomenon.3. The hard work is to evaluate the sexual may make the assessment staff due to the time, energy, intelligence
27、and physical factors and appear assessment conclusion the distortion and anomie.All serious assessment work is hard, no matter how assets evaluation purpose, but in time all demand is urgent, has the characteristics of stages and assault.。Intangible assets evaluation survey and analysis, and due to
28、the complex task, and assessment assessment overweight high quality requirements.Evaluation personnel confront is not too familiar evaluation objects, in a short time to get reliable evaluation conclusion, dont do hard physical labor, no abundant energy, no superhuman wisdom, no muscled body is impo
29、ssible.4. Is the appraisal conclusion estimate characteristic of may make evaluation personnel due to material master is not comprehensive, evaluate experience not rich, thinking the incorrect judgment and appear the influence of such factors as the distortion of the appraisal conclusion and losing.
30、Intangible assets assessment conclusion is appraised the personnel of intangible assets, according to the valuation of influence factors on hold, make a thumb estimates.Intangible assets appraisal method mainly is qualitative, is the judgment by evaluation personnel for the future, thinking of econo
31、mic gains that predicted, calculated.Since the future is uncertain economic viability and, unlike tangible assets as objective, intuitive, can directly accounting, its conflicting conclusions always estimate sex, the subjective and characteristic.We for intangible assets assessment results may not r
32、equires absolutely accurate, but evaluate conclusion should also be eight, nine not depart from ten.Practice proves that the higher the quality evaluation personnel assessment of the rich experience, judgment, the more accurate, the thinking, the appraisal conclusion is the higher accuracy.Instead,
33、evaluation personnels quality is lower, the evaluation of experience less, thinking judgment is not correct, assesses conclusion is the lower accuracy, appears likely to evaluate conclusion the distortion and anomie.(2) intangible assets appraisal of anomie subjective reason.1. No rules regulating a
34、ssessment.Since the 1990s, the state department concerned to intangible assets evaluation issue has caused enough attention, has issued relevant intangible assets aspects of the decrees and policies.In 1993 the state formally implementing new financial and accounting system, the concept of intangibl
35、e assets made clear definition of intangible assets evaluation, has also made the corresponding regulations.1996 Chinese assets evaluation association issued a opinions asset appraisal operation norm, emphasized that intangible assets evaluation must take property changes for the premise, and with t
36、he gain ability of intangible assets for objects and the intangible assets can produce earnings as the foundation.Intangible assets can be divided into intellectual property rights, the rights category, relationship of class and other types of four types.Each kind of types including many many specif
37、ic projects.Such as intellectual property of intangible assets and include patent right, proprietary technology, right, trademark right, copyright and computer software projects;Right kind of intangible assets and including contract.2. Evaluation responsibility unclear.Intangible assets to entrust t
38、he appraisal conclusion for economic operation of the enterprise and society will have a great effect, thus appraisal institution shall also must make for themselves the appraisal conclusion to assume certain economic responsibility, legal responsibility and moral responsibility and social responsib
39、ility.However, Chinas current intangible assets evaluation policy and evaluation standard of appraisal institution assessment activities and evaluate conclusion caused by social influence and shall be liable for all kinds of responsibility to the lack of necessary regulation.During actual operation
40、also is so, no matter how intangible assets appraisal conclusion how unusual, gross exaggeration, appraisal institution and entrust assessment enterprise also need not assume any responsibility.This will give some enterprises in policy, some assessment unit and some people leave loophole.Dont assume
41、 responsibility of power, no monitoring power inevitably led to the abuse of power, power corruption, this is an imbalance of power and deviant iron laws.Intangible assets evaluation also impossible to move out of this rule.3. Evaluation methods owe science.Intangible assets appraisal conclusion of
42、the evaluation method with correct or incorrect scientific or not tight inter-related.Only assessment method proper, scientific, accord with the objective reality, can come to the correct conclusion.Conversely, if the method of evaluating the misconduct, do not accord with the objective reality, the
43、 object of assessment could not have come to the correct conclusion.The selection of evaluation method is a science, different evaluation objects need to adopt different evaluation method, is the sole use of an evaluation method of comprehensive evaluation method is adopted, it is all the need accor
44、ding to the evaluation objects objective reality of to make a decision.If the methods adopted not science, may appear the distortion of the appraisal conclusion and losing.4. Evaluation mechanism lack of supervision.Intangible assets appraisal conclusion whether justice, objective, seeking truth fro
45、m facts, you cant just unilateral decision by appraisal institution, must have certain authoritative institution to audit and recognition, i.e. intangible assets assessment should have certain supervisory mechanism.No supervision mechanism of the intangible assets appraisal conclusion is very possib
46、le distortion and anomie.Intangible assets assessment of supervision mechanism is the request has various supervision, such as government supervision, technical department to supervise, the supervision of financial departments and social supervision, etc.If appraisal institution by the lack of neces
47、sary supervision, assessment institution assessment conclusion unilaterally, assessment conclusion may be inaccurate, fire really and anomie.5. Evaluation personnel short ethics.Intangible assets evaluation, except in need more seriously, carefully objectively, and use various evaluation methods for
48、 various factors, analyzes and compares them repeatedly in the subjective evaluation personnel, their ethic is more important.Because the uniqueness of the intangible assets in assets, itself when evaluating it is difficult to have more appropriate frame of reference, unlike tangible assets that can
49、 have similar assets for reference, and it is indirect and derivatives in the evaluation process makes the subjectivity occupy a important position.Appraisal institution and evaluate the ethical standards in staff the importance of intangible assets evaluation than in tangible assets evaluation appear important.Appraisal institution and evaluation personnel is from strict professional ethics, according to the professional requirements, earnest carefully analysis and
