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1、马斯洛需求层次理论外文翻译 本科毕业论文(设计)外 文 翻 译原文:Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is a valuable assessment tool that is used in many different professions, particularly those in the fields of education and health care. The ideas of needs are addressed in order, as the body resolves the most ba
2、sic needs for survival before moving on to more complex needs. Many educational programs in the health care field teach Maslows hierarchy in order to address the needs of patients and where they are in their life from a psychological perspective, simply because it helps identify and address the need
3、s of those particular patients. The idea of using a hierarchy pyramid helps us to lay out the stages of need, starting with the base of the pyramid, which looks at physiological needs. As we work our way up the pyramid, the needs start to become more complex, and include safety needs, social needs,
4、esteem needs, and finally, at the very top, we have self-actualization. This article explores the theories of Abraham Maslow in detail, as well as addresses the controversies that have been questioned in his theory. This article will also evaluate the impact of these theories on human behavior and a
5、ssess each of the components comprised within Maslows Hierarchy Pyramid. Physiological Needs Physiological needs are influenced generally through the cravings that we have. If a person is thirsty, he or she finds a drinking fountain. Similarly, if the individual is hungry, he or she will find food.
6、If the body is being deprived of oxygen, it will surely react. If there is a vitamin deficiency, the body has subtle ways of fulfilling that need.One example of how the body regulates itself on a physiological level is by homeostasis. Homeostasis simply means to regulate. A part of the human brain,
7、called the hypothalamus, plays an important role in keeping the body regulated by controlling the bodys thermostat, which is controlled by the release of several hormones called gonadotropins. Another prime example is the release of the “fight or flight” hormones that are secreted by the adrenal med
8、ulla of the adrenal glands. If there is a need for the body to defend itself, these hormones will surge into action to prepare the body for fight or flight. These hormones, although they play an important role, are kept in compliance by regulatory mechanisms within the brain. Throughout life, the id
9、ea of physiological needs remains consistent. The need to maintain adequate physiological balance will always be essential, and may kick into action in very different ways at various different times, whether the individuals experiencing it are aware of it or not. For example, how would anyone ever g
10、et a good nights sleep if they had to literally think about their breathing pattern, heart rate or blood pressure on a conscious level? Sure some people may have to get up during the night to use the restroom or grab a glass of water, but remember that this is all part of how the body regulates itse
11、lf. The notion that physiological needs tie into other, more complex needs of the hierarchy is very relevant. Maslow believed that once the physiological needs are met in sufficient detail, people move on to address these more complex needs. Safety and security make up the next platform of the pyram
12、id. Safety Needs Much like physiological needs require maintenance throughout life, so does the need to feel secure. This need is more psychological. With that being said, safety needs may be different for each individual, depending on where he or she is in life. For a child, this need may manifest
13、as the need for a safe family environment. There has to be security in the home, with warmth and love. When a family is dysfunctional, it makes it difficult for that child to move up to the next level of social needs because fear is often present. For adults, this need may be economic in nature. If
14、a person loses his or her job, for example, fear and anxiety will have an impact on that persons social life, and may cause him or her to regress. Additionally, adults are not immune to the need of safety. In some parts of the world, where there is chaos, people are stuck at this level of needing to
15、 feel safe. The goal of consistently meeting the need for safety is to have stability in ones life. It is the idea of being able to walk around the block at night without the worry of being mugged Belonging Needs Advancing up the hierarchy pyramid, the next level represents the need to belong on a s
16、ocial level. The social level generally becomes the priority only after the physiological and safety needs have been sufficiently met and maintained. A sense of belonging can be felt when an individual becomes more focused on the desire to build relationships with others. This includes the desire fo
17、r a romantic partner, to have close friends, and maybe to get married and have children. A sense or a need to belong, at any stage, is influenced by several factors. Some of these influences, for example, are socio-economic influences: the education level of parents and family, the neighborhood in w
18、hich the child grows up and the type of schools where they are educated, as well as the children who attend those schools. Whatever type of behavior is learned and accepted, based on these variables, is likely the behavior that will form a particular individuals character and self-esteem. The level
19、of belonging must be established because of its effect on ones self-esteem. If the level of belonging in the hierarchy model is low, or an individual is viewed negatively by peers in that group, he or she may develop social anxiety and may withdraw toward a level of people in which he or she fits in
20、 socially. If a child grows up in a neighborhood where there are street gangs, and attends schools in that neighborhood with the families of those street gangs, then the likelihood of the child to adapt and take on that form of character becomes more likely. According to Maslow, the reason for this
21、behavioral pattern is likely due to the peer groups that the child grew up with. This is not meant to imply that all children who grow up in this type of neighborhood will join a gang, simply that there is a higher likelihood of that outcome. On the other hand, if a child is brought up in a more aff
22、luent neighborhood, it is likely that the parents will also be more educated. In this scenario, it is more likely that the child will develop and adapt to the peer groups in which education is more of a priority. The influence in a childs upbringing starts with a home and family that secures the pre
23、vious levels of Maslows hierarchy by meeting and maintaining the foundation levels of needs. Relieving any anxiety or fear will help put more emphasis on social development, and with this will come a healthier self-esteem. Esteem Needs Once the needs of physiology, safety and belonging have been met
24、, the individual will now move on to the needs of their self-esteem. Self-esteem, like all the prior needs, must also be maintained. This is the highest platform in the category of deficit needs. Self-esteem begins to establish itself in life as early as age two. Maslows hierarchy addresses two leve
25、ls of self-esteem. One of those is a lower level and the other is a higher level. The lower form of self-esteem is directly related to an individuals ego, meaning that there is a strong need to be respected by others. Within this lower form, the individual still remains focused on acceptance by othe
26、rs. This lower form of self-esteem is met when an individual has established a level of status, recognition, fame, reputation and appreciation, just to name a few. They may also require some reinforcement or validation of some kind in order for this lower form of self-esteem to be maintained. The hi
27、gher form of self-esteem that Maslow addresses is that of self-respect. This higher form of self-esteem requires less maintenance because through accomplishment, it becomes a permanent part of who the individual is. We can say that once a person has gained respect for himself or herself, it is much
28、harder to lose that respect or to have it taken away. The idea of confidence in ability, the mastery of something, or the competence that is established in what these people do, supports this higher form of self-esteem. These forms of self-esteem should not be confused with an individual having high
29、 or low self-esteem. Individuals with low self-esteem often have a low opinion of themselves and their self-image. As a result, inferiority complexes are present in the individual. With this idea in mind, Maslow contends that the majority of peoples psychological problems are due to low self-esteem.
30、 The realism here is that if a person dont like himself or herself, or who he or she is or what he or she has accomplished, then that person will be more critical of himself or herself. Through that process, negative self talk is born, and can create a barrier to achieving personal success. Self-Act
31、ualization Self-actualization is defined by Maslow as the single component of being within the hierarchy model. Being, in this sense, means not being a part of the deficit needs as they appear within the lower chain of the hierarchyThis need is independent?there must be some accomplishment of all th
32、e other deficit needs, which are best defined as what we appear to be, according to the standards of society. Self actualization is the internal dialogue that everyone establishes at some point in their lives. In order to do that, there must be some establishment or satisfaction of the prior needs.
33、Once all of the previous needs have been met, an individual can direct his or her focus toward a true calling. Usually when a person is hungry, or they dont feel safe, or they feel unloved, the focal point leans towards resolving those issues, therefore disrupting the focus on self-actualizing. With
34、 self-actualization, being able to pinpoint how one truly feels about something is often a little more challenging to figure out, or it can be the determining factor of how well he or she is connected with his or her self and abilities. People who are self-actualizers are focused on what matters mos
35、t in defining who they are. Once self-respect is gained, the individual can take a more proactive approach to bettering themselves, as well as being able to remain focused on resolving any dilemmas that may arise regarding the deficit stages. In other aspects, it can also appear to be spiritual. Loo
36、king at ones life as to who he or she is in the universe is a good example. Once a person is able to come to terms with who they are, and they are ultimately satisfied with that, then they have truly reached the point of being able to self-actualize. With this level of intuition comes a sense of pea
37、ce, which in turn serves as a motivator to focus on more advanced tasks in life, such as supporting the moral and ethical standards in life. There is a more in-depth focus on bettering oneself and expanding ones knowledge and talents. The real definition to self-actualizing is getting to know onesel
38、f, while being okay and unconditionally accepting of whatever it is that he or she discovers. The question every individual must face is, do you like and accept who you are? Once that question is answered, then self-respect is gained. Once an individual establishes that respect for his or herself, n
39、o one can take that away. In this context, Abraham Maslow is justified in establishing self-actualization in a category by itself that quantifies the need of being separately from the need of deficit.Source:Bob Poston,cst. Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsJ.The Surgical Technologist.20098.pp:347-353.译文:马斯洛
40、需求层次理论 马斯洛的需求层次理论是一个有价值的评估工具,用在许多不同的行业,尤其是那些在教育和医疗等领域。马斯洛需求层次理论按层次划分需求,当人们最根本的生存需求层次得到满足时才会转向更复杂的需求层次。 很多在医疗领域的教育计划要求学习马斯洛层次理论是为了解决患者的需要和从心理上的角度来看他们生活中所处的位置,简单地说因为它能帮助识别和解决那些特别需要的病人。 马斯洛层次理论运用金字塔型帮助我们了解需求的层次,从金字塔的基层开始,是生理需求。越往金字塔上层,需求就越复杂,包括安全需求,社会需求,尊重需求,最后,在金字塔的最顶端,是自我实现需求。本文详细探讨了亚伯拉罕?马斯洛的理论,以及解决了
41、一直在他的理论中提出质疑的争议。本文也将评估这些理论对人类行为的影响,并评估马斯洛层次理论的每个层次。 生理需求 生理需要一般受我们的渴望影响。如果一个人渴了,他会找到一个喝水的地方。同样地,如果一个人饿了,他会找到食物。如果一个人被剥夺氧气,肯定会作出反应。如果缺少一种维生素,身体会有非常微妙的方式履行这一需求。例如身体如何通过内稳态调节自身生理水平。简单地说内稳态就是调控的手段。人类大脑的一部分,称为下丘脑,在通过身体恒温器保持身体平衡中有非常重要的作用,它被几种激素控制并释放促性腺激素。 另一个典型的例子是释放“打架或逃跑”激素,是由肾上腺的肾上腺髓质分泌的。如果有需要身体进行自卫,这些
42、激素将上升为行动,以准备战斗或逃跑的身体。这些激素,尽管他们发挥了重要作用,也要保持遵守大脑内的监管机制。 在整个生活中,生理需求的想法是一致的。保持足够的生理平衡需要永远是必要的,不管它是不是个人经历所意识到的,在不同的时间总以非常不同的方式行动。举个例子,如果人们总是有意识的去想他们的呼吸模式,心率或血压,那一个人将如何获得良好的睡眠呢?当然有些人可能不得不在半夜起来上洗手间或喝水,但请记住,这些都是身体调节自身平衡的一部分。 有种观点认为生理需求对其他更复杂的层次需求是非常相关的。马斯洛认为,一旦生理需要得到足够的满足,人们就会转移到解决那些更复杂的需求,即金字塔的下一个层次是安全需求。
43、 安全需求 安全需求就像生理需求一样在整个生活中需要维护。这个需求更多的是心理上的需求。就是说,每一个人的安全需要可能不同,这取决于他们在生活中的地位。对于孩子来说,这种需求表现为一个安全的家庭环境。这种安全的家庭环境是指一个家中必须有安全,温暖和爱。当家庭失去这个功能,对于孩子来说就很难移动到下一个社会需要水平,因为恐惧常常存在。 对于成年人来说,这种需求可能是经济性质的。如果一个人失去他的工作,那么,恐惧和焦虑就有可能影响他的社会生活,并可能使他退步。此外,成年人也不能幸免于安全需要。在世界上,那些混乱地区的人们都停留在这种安全需要的水平。持续满足安全需要的目标是一个人的生活稳定。它是指能
44、够在夜间走动而不担心被抢劫的想法。 社会需要 推进金字塔层次,下一个阶段代表需要属于一个社会层面。社会层面的需求,只有在生理和安全需要得到充分满足和保持之后才会被优先考虑。当一个人变得更加侧重于渴望与他人建立关系的时候可以感到一种归属感。这种归属感包括对一个充满爱意的伙伴的渴望,密切朋友的渴望,甚至可能是结婚生子的渴望。 某种意义上或归属的需要,在任何阶段,受几个因素影响。其中的一些影响,例如,社会经济的影响,父母和家庭的教育水平,邻居孩子的成长和他们所受教育的学校的类型,以及谁的孩子参加这些学校。无论行为是学习和接受,在这些变量的基础上,这些行为有可能形成一种特定的个人特征和自尊。 社会需求
45、层次必须建立,因为影响了一个人的自尊。如果社会需求层次在层次结构模型中处较低的位置,或者个人在群体中被视作消极的同伴,他们可能产生社会焦虑,并可能离开回到他们所适应的社会水平。如果一个孩子成长的社区有街头帮派,或者跟社区的这些街头帮派的家属一起上学,那么孩子为了适应这个环境,会形成一种做形式的性格。根据马斯洛,此行为模式形成的原因可能是跟孩子一起长大的团体。 这并不意味着暗示所有在这个类型的社区长大的孩子都将会加入一个帮派,只是说有这种结果的可能性更大。另一方面,如果一个孩子生活在一个较为富裕的地区,那么他们的父母也将受到许多教育。在这种情况下,小孩更有可能发展并适应以教育为优先的同辈群体。一
46、个孩子教养的影响始于能通过满足和维持基础层次需要来维持固定的马斯洛层次较低层次的家庭和家人。减轻任何焦虑或恐惧将有助于重视社会经济发展,这样可以形成更健康的自尊。 尊重需求 一旦生理需求,安全需求和社会需求得到满足,那么个人就会进入到尊重需要。尊重需求,像所有先前的需求一样,也必须维持。这是需要分类中最缺乏的层次。早在两岁的时候自尊便开始形成。马斯洛层次理论解决两个层次的尊重。其中一个是较低的水平,另一个是较高的水平。 尊重的较低形式,直接关系到一个人的自尊心,这意味着有一种强烈的得到他人尊重的需要。在这个较低的形式中,人还会将注意力集中在接受他人。当一个人已经建立了地位,赞誉,名誉,声誉和欣
47、赏,只是仅举几例,说明这种较低形式的尊重被满足。他们也许还需要一些加固或某种形式的验证以维持这个尊重的低级形式。自尊的较高形式是马斯洛处理自我的尊重。通过成就,这种自尊的较高形式需要较少的维修,它将变成个人的永久部分。我们可以说,一个人一旦得到自我尊重,就很难失去或被带走了。信心的能力,掌握的东西,或者是这些人在做什么公认能力的想法,支持这种自尊的较高形式。 这些形式的自尊不要混淆个人拥有高或低自尊。低自尊的人经常感觉他们自己和他们的自我形象不好。因此,人就会有自卑感。带着这个想法,马斯洛认为大部分人的心理问题都来自于低自尊。这里的现实主义是,如果一个人不喜欢他们自己,或者他们是谁或他们已经完
48、成的东西,那么这个人就会对自己更多批评。通过这种过程,消极的自我对话产生,并能创造一个实现个人成功的障碍。 自我实现需要 自我实现需求在层次结构模型中被马斯洛定义为单一的组成部分。目前,从这个意义上说,它们出现在层次链的底层并不意味着它们是需求比较缺乏的一部分。这个需要是独立的,尽管存在其他需求缺乏的结果,但最好的定义是根据社会的标准我们做出怎样的成就。自我实现是每个人在自己的生命的某个点建立内部对话。为了做到这一点,必须建立或满足之前的需求。一旦上所有以前的需求得到满足,个人可以直接把他们的焦点聚集在真正的欲望上。通常,当一个人饿了,或者他们觉得不安全,或者他们觉得不被爱,重点倾向解决这些问
49、题,那么就不会把焦点集中到自我实现。根据自我实现,能够确定一个人如何真正感觉到一些东西往往是更具挑战性的,这个决定因素可能与他们的自我和能力有关。 自我实现的人都把焦点放在界定他们是谁这个重要的问题上。一旦自我尊重得到满足,个人可以采取更主动的方式来改善自己,也可以继续把焦点放在解决任何可能出现的有关赤字需求的困境。在其他方面,它也似乎是灵性的。观察一个人的生活,例如在社会中他们是谁,这是一个很好的例子。如果一个人能够证实自己的地位,他们基本上也满意的话,那么他们已经真正达到了自我实现。 自我实现需求层次的满足能带来平和感,这反过来又将作为一种动力使人们专注于生活中更高级的任务诸如生活中的道德和伦理标准,更深入地专注于改善自己,扩大自己的知识和才能。自我实现真正的定
