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1、what is social work?“The social work profession专业 promotes促进 social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the empowerment许可，授权 and liberation释放，解放 of people to enhance提高，加强 well-being幸福，幸福感，福利. Utilising使用，利用 theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes干预，介入 a
2、t points在点 where people interact with与相互作用 their environments. Principles原则 of human rights人权 and social justice司法 are fundamental to对是必要的 social work.”Nature of the WorkSocial work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve people lives. Social workers help people function（动词）运行
3、 the best way they can in their environment, deal with their relationships, and solve personal and family problems. Social workers often see看见，理解 clients案主 who face a life-threatening重度，致命的 disease疾病 or a social problem, such as inadequate不足的 housing, unemployment, a serious illness, a disability残疾，
4、丧失能力的, or substance abuse药物滥用. Social workers also assist帮助 families that have serious domestic家庭的 conflicts冲突, sometimes involving child or spousal abuse虐待配偶.Social workers often provide social services in health-related settings设置 that now are governed管理，支配 by managed care管理式医疗 organizations. To c
5、ontain含，控制 costs, these organizations emphasize强调，注重 short-term intervention介入，干预, ambulatory流动的，非固定的 and community-based社区的 care, and greater decentralization分散 of services.Most social workers specialize专门从事，专业化. Although some conduct research进行研究，进行调研工作 or are involved in planning or policy develo
6、pment, most social workers prefer an area of practice in which they interact with与相互作用 clients.Child, family, and school social workers provide social services and assistance帮助 to improve the social and psychological functioning心理机能，心理功能 of children and their families and to maximize取最大值，最大化 the fam
7、ily well-being and academic学术的，理论的 functioning of children. Some social workers assist single parents, arrange adoptions领养, or help find foster homes寄养家庭 for neglected被忽视的, abandoned被抛弃的, or abused被虐待 children. In schools, they address从事，忙于 such problems as teenage pregnancy怀孕, misbehavior品行不端, and
8、truancy旷课，逃学 and advise teachers on how to cope with处理，应付 problem students. Increasingly逐渐的, school social workers are teaching workshops研习会，讲习班 to an entire整个的 class. Some social workers specialize in专门研究，专攻 services for senior citizens老人（尤指退休者）, running流动的，连续的 support groups支持小组 for family caregiv
9、ers照顾着，看护人 or for the adult children of aging成年 parents, advising elderly老年的 people or family members about choices in areas such as housing, transportation, and long-term care长期护理，长期医疗, and coordinating协调 and monitoring监督 these services. Through employee雇员 assistance帮助 programs, they may help worke
10、rs cope with处理，应付 job-related pressures or with personal problems that affect the quality of their work. Child, family, and school social workers typically代表性的，典型的 work for individual个人的 and family services agencies, schools, or State国家，州 or local governments. These social workers may be known as被称为
11、，被认为 child welfare儿童福利 social workers, family services social workers, child protective保护的 services social workers, occupational职业的 social workers, or gerontology老年学 social workers.Medical医学的 and public health公共卫生 social workers provide persons, families, or vulnerable易受伤害的 populations with the psyc
12、hosocial社会心理的 support needed to cope with chronic长期的，慢性的, acute严重的, or terminal illnesses终期病患，晚期疾病, such as Alzheimers disease早老性痴呆, cancer, or AIDS. They also advise family caregivers照顾者, counsel建议，劝告 patients, and help plan for patients needs after discharge后放 by arranging for at-home services, fr
13、om meals-on-wheels to oxygen氧气 equipment. Some work on interdisciplinary跨领域的 teams that evaluate评价，评估 certain kinds of patientsgeriatric老年病人 or organ transplant器官移植 patients, for example. Medical and public health social workers may work for hospitals, nursing护理，看护 and personal care facilities, indi
14、vidual个人的，个别的 and family services agencies, or local governments.Mental health心理健康 and substance abuse药物滥用 social workers assess评定，评估 and treat individuals个人 with mental illness精神病 or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco烟草, or other drugs. Such services include individual an
15、d group therapy治疗，疗法, outreach延伸，扩广, crisis intervention危机干预，危机介入, social rehabilitation复原, and training in skills of everyday living. They also may help plan for supportive支持的 services to ease减轻，使安心 patients and return to the community. Mental health and substance abuse social workers are likely to
16、 work in hospitals, substance abuse treatment centers, individual and family services agencies, or local governments. These social workers may be known as clinical临床的 social workers. (Counselors辅导员，顾问 and psychologists心理学家, who may provide similar services.)Other types of social workers include soci
17、al work planners and policymakers, who develop programs to address处理 such issues问题，议题 as child abuse, homelessness, substance abuse, poverty贫困, and violence. These workers research and analyze policies, programs, and regulations条例，规程. They identify social problems and suggest legislative立法机构 and oth
18、er solutions. They may help raise funds筹集资金 or write grants补助金，津贴 to support these programs.Employment工作，就业Social workers held about 562,000 jobs in 2004. About 9 out of 10 jobs were in health care and social assistance社会救助 industries, as well as State and local government agencies, primarily首先，主要的
19、in departments of health and human services. Although most social workers are employed受聘于，被雇佣 in cities or suburbs郊区, some work in rural areas农村地区. The following tabulation表格 shows 2004 employment by type of social worker:Child, family, and school social workers 272,000 Mental health and substance a
20、buse social workers 116,000 Medical and public health social workers 110,000 Social workers, all other 64,000 Job Outlook展望Competition for social worker jobs is expected in cities, where demand for对的需求 services often is highest and training programs训练计划 for social workers are prevalent流行的，普遍的. Howev
21、er, opportunities should be good in rural areas农村计划, which often find it difficult to attract and retain保持，保留 qualified合格的，能胜任的 staff. By specialty专业，专长, job prospects前景 may be best for those social workers with a background in gerontology老年医学 and substance abuse treatment.Employment of social worke
22、rs is expected to increase faster than the average平均 for all occupations职业，行业 through 2014. The rapidly迅速的 growing elderly年老的 population and the aging baby boom generation生育高峰年 will create greater demand for health and social services, resulting in particularly rapid job growth among gerontology老年医学
23、 social workers. Many job openings职位空缺 also will stem from出于，来自 the need to replace取代，替换 social workers who leave the occupation.As hospitals continue to limit the length of patient stays, the demand for social workers in hospitals will grow more slowly than in other areas. Because hospitals are rel
24、easing释放 patients earlier than in the past, social worker employment in home health care services is growing. However, the expanding扩大的 senior年老的 population is an even larger factor. Employment opportunities for social workers with backgrounds in gerontology should be good in the growing numbers of许
25、多，若干 assisted协助，辅助-living and senior-living communities. The expanding senior population also will spur鼓舞，刺激 demand for social workers in nursing homes, long-term care facilities, and hospices济贫院.Strong demand is expected for substance abuse social workers over the 2004? 4 projection规划 period周期，时期.
26、Substance abusers are increasingly逐渐的 being placed into treatment programs instead of being sentenced to判决 prison. Because of the increasing numbers of individuals sentenced to prison or probation缓刑 who are substance abusers, correctional 矫正的systems are increasingly requiring substance abuse treatme
27、nt as a condition added to their sentencing量刑 or probation试用. As this trend grows, demand will increase for treatment programs and social workers to assist abusers on the road to在过程中 recovery恢复，痊愈.Employment of social workers in private social service agencies also will increase. However, agencies i
28、ncreasingly will restructure调整，重改结构 services and hire more lower paid social and human service assistants instead of social workers. Employment in State and local government agencies may grow somewhat有点，稍微 in response to响应，对有反应 increasing needs for public welfare社会福利，公共福利, family services, and child
29、 protection保护，照顾 services; however, many of these services will be contracted out包出，批给 外界承办 to private agencies. Employment levels in public and private social services agencies may fluctuate波动，涨落, depending on need and government funding资金，经费 levels.Employment of school social workers also is expec
30、ted to grow as expanded efforts to respond to响应 rising student enrollments登记，注册人数 and continued emphasis on着重于，强调 integrating整合 disabled children into the general school population lead to more jobs. There could be competition for school social work jobs in some areas because of the limited number o
31、f openings. The availability有效性，可用性 of Federal联邦的，同盟的, State and local funding资金，经费 will be a major factor in determining the actual job growth in schools.Opportunities for social workers in private practice私人机构 will expand, but growth may be somewhat hindered阻碍，妨碍 by restrictions限制，限制条件 that manage
32、d care 管理式医疗organizations put on增加 mental health心理健康 services. The growing popularity of employee assistance programs is expected to spur demand for private practitioners, some of whom provide social work services to corporations公司，企业 on a contractual合同的，契约的 basis. However, the popularity of employe
33、e assistance programs will fluctuate波动，涨落 with the business cycle商业周期, because businesses are not likely to offer these services during recessions衰退.EarningsMedian中值，中位数 annual earnings年收益 of child, family, and school social workers were $34,820 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $27,
34、840 and $45,140. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $23,130, and the top 10 percent earned more than $57,860. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of child, family, and school social workers in May 2004 were:Elementary小学 and secondary中学 schools $44,300 Local gov
35、ernment 40,620 State government 35,070 Individual and family services 30,680 Other residential住宅的 care facilities 30,550 Median annual earnings of medical医学的 and public health social workers were $40,080 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $31,620 and $50,080. The lowest 10 percent ear
36、ned less than $25,390, and the top 10 percent earned more than $58,740. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of medical and public health social workers in May 2004 were:General medical and surgical外科的 hospitals $44,920 Home health care services 42,710 Local governm
37、ent 39,390 Nursing care护理 facilities 35,680 Individual and family services 32,100 Median annual earnings of mental health and substance abuse social workers were $33,920 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $26,730 and $43,430. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $21,590, and the top
38、 10 percent earned more than $54,180. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of mental health and substance abuse social workers in May 2004 were:Psychiatric精神病学的 and substance abuse hospitals $36,170 Local government 35,720 Outpatient门诊服务 care centers 33,220 Individu
39、al and family services 32,810 Residential mental retardation智力缺陷, mental health and substance abuse facilities 29,110 Median annual earnings of social workers, all other were $39,440 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $30,350 and $51,530. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $24,080
40、, and the top 10 percent earned more than $62,720. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of social workers, all other in May 2004 were:Local government $42,570 State government 40,940 Individual and family services 32,280 About 1 out of 5 social workers is a member o
41、f a union. Many belong to the union associated with their place of employment.二、汉译英There are many ways to have a happy marriage,but only a few ways marriages go bad.有很多方法可以有一个幸福的婚姻，但只有少数的方式结婚变坏。I am a social worker, I have faith because I am here to help them help themselves and to help others help
42、one another.我是一名社会工作者。我有信念，因为我在这里帮助他们自助，并且帮助其它人互相帮助。Children dont usually grieve in the same way as adults.儿童通常与大人的悲伤方式不同。 Parents should always reassure children that they are safe ,and should not exhibit out of control behavior in front of children no matter how old they are.父母应该总向孩子保证他是安全的，并且不管孩子
43、多大，不应该在他们面前变现出失控的行为。三、专业词语adoption 领养 bureaucracy 科层制 social exclusion 社会排斥 social integration 社会融合 single-parent families 单亲家庭 domestic violence 家庭暴力 social assistance 社会救助 voluntary association 志愿团体 questionnaire 问卷 functionalist perspective 功能主义 looking-glass self 镜中我 mechanical solidarity 机械团结 S
44、ocial Work HistoryIt was the social crisis危机，危险期 which occurred in Western Europe and North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which led to the creation of social work as an institution制度，机构 and a profession. Social work emerged出现 as a response to this crisis, and as a compromise 妥协，
45、让步between different views about what form that response should take.The social crisis that tore撕开 a vent出口 through many Western societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is commonly referred to as被称为 the industrial revolution工业革命. Rapid industrialisation工业化 and urbanisation城市化 transformed
46、改变 the lives of all people, rich and poor alike相似的，相同的. Social problems that had been dispersed分散，传播 and largely主要的，大量的 invisible无形的，看不见的 in the countryside (poverty贫困 and overcrowding过度拥挤, poor housing, ill-health and disease, alcohol and drug abuse, prostitution卖淫, unsupervised无人监督的，管理的 children)
47、were commonplace平凡的，司空见惯的 in the new towns and cities. Working-class工人阶级的 freedom自由 and social deprivation社会剥夺 spelt danger to the middle-class city dwellers居民 who clamoured for呼吁 something to be done to contain and control the threat from the dangerous classes.And something was done. A vast广阔的，大量的
48、array大批 of state social welfare initiatives积极性，率先 has their origins起源 in the 19th century. Schemes方案，计划 for public sanitation坏境卫生, education, policing监管，监控, prisons, juvenile青少年的 correction改正，修正, public workhouses济贫院，感化院 and mental asylums精神病院 accompanied伴随的，相伴的 legislation立法，法律 governing working co
49、nditions and factory inspection工厂检验，工厂检查 as well as new mechanisms机制，机构 for recording记录 population change人口变动，人口变迁. At the same time, the 19th century saw the creation and development of a wide spectrum范围 of social work activity financed and run by philanthropic慈善的 agencies, but working alongside在旁边 statutory法定的，法律的 agencies such as courts法院, hospitals and workhouses济贫院，教养所.T
