《英语习得中的母语负迁移毕业论文.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语习得中的母语负迁移毕业论文.doc（10页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、【标题】英语习得中的母语负迁移 【作者】杨 欣 【关键词】语言迁移；负迁移；英语习得 【指导老师】张海霞 伍海英 【专业】英语 【正文】I. IntroductionIt is universally acknowledged that English and Chinese are two different language systems belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan language family respectively. When learning a foreign language, an individual alre
2、ady knows his mother tongue, so that they have been very familiar with the rules of mother language. In addition, there are similarities in language learning. Therefore, when they learn a new language, they transfer those rules into the second language unconsciously, and then transfers appear.Transf
3、er is“a term used by psychologists in their accounts of the way in which present learning is affected by past learning”.1 Odlin has suggested that transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously and
4、 perhaps imperfectly acquired.2 In second language learning, this phenomenon is a very general psychological process that of relying on prior knowledge to facilitate new learning. For the first place, before learning a foreign language, the experience of the learner is acquired and preserved through
5、 his native language, so these experiences will be used for the foreign language learning. For the second, the native language serves as a tool for the foreign language learning and the knowledge and skill of the native language will be transferred to the foreign language unconsciously. Some of the
6、native language structural knowledge may be transferred to the learners mental state unconsciously. And this would make the learners produce an incorrect sentence. Many of Chinese students have already acquired some Chinese before they learn English, which make them naturally use the knowledge of mo
7、ther language to learn English. As a result, the influence of mother language in the English learning is unavoidable. Since there are equivalents, similarities and differences between the native and the foreign language in linguistic structure, social culture and logic thought, the forms of transfer
8、 during the process of learning are different, including positive and negative transfer. Negative transfer has being studied for a long time, because it plays an obvious role in second language acquisition compared with positive transfer.II. The Manifestations of Chinese Negative TransferThe behavio
9、rists ascribed errors largely to the interference of learners native language. Their native language habits prevented them from learning second language habits. So in learning a foreign language transfer means the influence of native language in learning a foreign language. The Chinese negative tran
10、sfer in English acquisition mainly display in following aspects.A. The Phonetic Negative Transfer1. The Negative Transfer between English Letters and Chinese PinyinMost of foreign language learners like to learn foreign language with the help of mother tongue. In Chinese, people like to learn Englis
11、h letter with the help of Chinese“Pinyin” because there are some similarities between them. Firstly, they are similar in writing form. It would make beginners confused easily. For example, the English letter“u” is the same as the Chinese Pinyin“u” in the writing form. But they are different when the
12、y become the capital letter. If English learners write the capital letter of“u” as“U”, they are making a mistake. Therefore, when Chinese students learn the English letter firstly, they may make some mistake in the writing form. It is the negative transfer that Chinese has made on English. Another n
13、egative transfer that Chinese Pinyin has caused is in the pronunciation of the English letter. Because of the similarity in the writing form, as well as a little similarity in pronunciation, beginners may confuse in some letters pronunciation. Here are some examples:“i” in English is read asai, whil
14、e in Chinese it is read asyi:.“b” in English is read asbi:, while in Chinese it is read asbo.“a” in English is read asei, while in Chinese it is read asa.Most of Chinese students will meet such transfer when they begin learning English letter. Its because that they grasped Pinyin prior to English le
15、tter. Therefore it is impossible to avoid the negative transfer that Pinyin cause in English letter.2. The Negative Transfer between the Speech SoundsThere are two groups of vowelsi:,u:,a:,?:,?: andi,u,?,?,?. The difference of these two groups is that the former one is long vowel and the latter shor
16、t vowel. When we pronounce a long vowel, the larynx is in a state of tension, and in the pronunciation of a short vowel, no such tension occurs, the larynx is quite relaxed.3 Without long and short vowels in Chinese, English learners usually make such mistakes: reading a long vowel as a short vowel,
17、 or a short vowel as a long one.For examples:itit- eati:t fullful- foolfu:l naughtn?:t- notn?t daughter?d?:t?- doctor?d?t?The length of some vowels may cause confusion of meaning.Would you care for some more?No. Thanks. Im fool(should be full)In English there are also a number of diphthongs, which a
18、re produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position. There are 8 diphthongs in English:ei,ai,?i,?,u?,i?,au,?u. Some English learners cant pronounce these diphthongs correctly. They divide a diphthong into two monophthongs. For example,ei is pronounced ase andi.Augme
19、nt in pronunciation is a third mistake that learners would make in the beginning process of learning English. For example, they will read bikebaik asbaik?, and printprint asp?rint.4Chinese students are apt to substitute some sounds for English sounds, which do not exist in Chinese language. For exam
20、ple, the English phonemes/and/e/ are notoriously difficult for Chinese learners because they are utterly new for Chinese learners. A beginning learner is then likely to replace/ with/t/f/,or/s/, and/e/ with/d/or/z/. So the word“thin” may be pronouncedtin,fin, orsin;“this” may be pronounceddis orzis.
21、B. The Negative Transfer in GrammarEnglish and Chinese all have subject and predicate in a sentence, adjectives are used to modify nouns, adverbs are used to modify adjectives. All of these are the similarities between English and Chinese. But there are also many different things between these two l
22、anguages, which may cause negative transfer. The Chinese negative transfer mainly embodies in the article, sequence, tenses, and so on.1. The Negative Transfer in the ArticleIn Chinese, there is no article. But in English the use of article is very complicate. So this situation makes many beginners,
23、 particularly in oral expression, ignore articles due to the continuity of thinking, too late to do much thinking. For example, in the sentence“Do you need an umbrella”, beginners always miss the indefinite article“a”. Another example: I like listening to radio. In this case, definite article“the” h
24、as been missed. The speakers are influenced by mother-tongue and translate sentences from Chinese to English directly.2. The Negative Transfer in the SequenceIf there is an adverb in a sentence, the order in Chinese is subjectadverbpredictiveobject, while in English is subjectpredicateobjectadverb.
25、With the influence of Chinese word order, many learners will make such a mistake:“I very like Chinese”. In Chinese, the attribute is usually put ahead of the modified word. But in English the position of attribute is flexible. It is placed before the modified word sometimes; or it is placed after th
26、at. Learners always want to place the attribute before the modified word while they translate a sentence, for example,“the here teacher”. Here“here” should be placed after the modified word. This phrase should be changed to“the teacher here”.3. The Negative Transfer in the TenseThe tense system in C
27、hinese is totally different with that in English. The verb in Chinese has no inflection. However, a verb in English can remark a movement happens in different time. Such as“I ate last night”(occurred in the past: tense) and“I have eaten already, now”(activity has reached completion: aspect). In Mand
28、arin, people always use adverb of time, such as曾经、正在、已经、将要, to express the meaning of time. However in English, if people want to say things happened in different time, they will express it relying on the tense and aspect. For examples:John has noticed the change in his friend.As he was walking to t
29、he situation, he noticed one of his former supervisors.Here the“ed” and“ing” endings are morphemes which do not add any lexical meaning, but which present the concepts of tense and aspect.4. The Negative Transfer in AgreementAgreement or concord may be defined as the requirement that the forms of tw
30、o or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be characterized by same paradigmatically marked categories.5 This syntactic relationship may be anaphoric, as when a pronoun agrees with its antecedent.6Whose is this pen?Oh, its the
31、one I lost.Agreement also involves a relation between a head and its dependent, as when a verb agrees with its subject.Each person may have one coin.Different from English, in Chinese sentence there is on such principle. So Chinese learners always commit errors in this aspect.*The man run.*These bir
32、ds flies.5. The Negative Transfer in the Passive SentencePassive voice is an expressive way that people like to use, especially in English. In Chinese, the passive voice is marked with a word“bei(被)” or“you（有）”. If these words appear in a sentence, it means that this sentence is a passive sentence.
33、And Chinese people use more active voice than passive voice. Sometimes people will use active voice to express the passive meaning. Such as this sentence,“这幢房子建于1930年”, its translated in English is“the house was built in 1930”.7In English, passive voice is used more often than in Chinese. Therefore,
34、 when Chinese people learn English, they may ignore the right expression of passive voice in English. For examples:*It can find in the room.*The door will close at ten oclock.*The book wrote by Liu Ming. In Chinese, when an active sentence changes into a passive one, it is need to add a word“bei” or
35、“you”. But in English, except for adding a marked word“be”(Be can be changed into a proper form according to the person in the sentence.), the verb after“be” should changed to passive voice too. In this area, as a result of different grammatical habit between Chinese and English, transfer would appe
36、ar. Look the following sentences:*You are allow to go home now.*The house was decorate by its new owner.C. The Lexical Negative TransferAs for Chinese, the words are learned in daily life. After a long time learning, people have combined the words with the given images or conceptions. When a word is
37、 heard or seen, poeple will reflect the concept or the image immediately. But in English, many words have more than one meaning. And a word of the same literal meaning may be different from Chinese in the real meaning. For this reason, the transfer(mostly negative transfer) may occur. Using“dragon”
38、as an example, in western world it is not a good word and stands for an evil animal. On the contrary, in China“dragon” represents noble, power and so on. Another word“bat” also means wicked in the western word. It usually connects with evil and vicious power. When persons watch some vampire movies,
39、bat always make them feared. There are many idioms in English involving bat have bad meanings. Such as“as blind as bat”“as craze as bat”“a bit batty” etc. But in China,“bianfu(蝙蝠)”,it means bat, is on behalf of good fortune and happiness, for it has the same pronunciation with“fu(福)”.“Peacock” is a
40、lucky word in Chinese. When peacock shows its tail, its a propitious thing. But in English,“peacock” is basically a negative word.“The young peacock” means the young people is very arrogant and rude. If you want to say a person who is very pride and ungracious, you can say he“proud as a peacock”.Beg
41、inners would think the words of color in English are very strange. Because one color always has various meanings in Chinese and English. In Chinese, people usually use“眼红” to express the meaning of“envy”. But in English, we should say“green-eyed”. Some time the same color in Chinese may different in
42、 English, vice versa.Look at the following examples:红糖: brown sugar红茶：black tea红榜：honor roll红豆：love peered ruin:火灾a red battle:血战red tape:官僚作风red sky:彩霞In Chinese, people use“黄色小说” to say pornographic novel. Beginners are subject to translate it directly. They will use“yellow book” to mean pornograp
43、hic novel. This is a typical case of Chinese negative lexical transfer.Furthermore, there are different ways in collocation between Chinese and English words. Many learners like to combine English words according to the Chinese rules. This will easily cause transfer.Some English compound words can b
44、e translated into Chinese directly. Such as blackboard(黑板)，football（足球，classroom(教室)，doorbell（电铃）and so on. However not all the compound words can be translated in this way. Put“shorthand” as an example, it not means a hand is shorter than the others. Its meaning is a method of writing rapidly. So t
45、o those English compound words, Chinese learners should not always combine the meanings of two parts simply.III. The Reasons of Causing Negative Transfer After the discussion of the manifestations of Chinese negative transfer, the reasons of causing the negative transfer would be the point.A. Differ
46、ent Language FamiliesEnglish and Chinese belong to different language families. A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.8 The term comes from the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which
47、makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree or in a subsequent modification to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. All the apparently biological terms are used only in the metaphoric sense. No real biology is included in any way in the metap
48、hor.English is part of Indo-European languages, while Chinese pertains to Sino-Tibetan languages. According to genealogical classification, if congruent relationship exists in the same languages, than these languages are called cognate languages.Languages in the same language family have the same origin. Chinese is a typical language in Sino-Tibetan family, which is short of inflection. It is an isolating language. Furthermore, Chinese character is pictograph that is completely
