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1、ON THE APPLICATION OF “INPUT HYPOTHESIS” AND “AFFICTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS” IN ENGLISH TEACHINGbyTu JingJune, 2007Xiaogan UniversityContents1. Introduction12. On the application in primary school22.1 The method of creating the atmosphere22.2 The method of natural acquisition2 2.3 The method of body l
2、anguage hints32.4 The method of song stimulation33. On the application in middle school43.1 The choice of the listening materials43.2 Encouraging students to speak English more5 3.3 Attaching importance to emotional factor 64. On the application in the university6 4.1 Further strengthening the train
3、ing of listening comprehension and proposing higher demand74.2 Strengthening students ability of the language communication7 5. Conclusion8Bibliography10 “输入假设”和 “情感过滤假设”在英语教学中的运用摘 要当今，英语学习变得越来越重要。因此，怎样又快又好的掌握英语成为一个重要的话题。目前，我国的英语教学虽然受到了越来越多的重视，然而整体英语教学水平却不容乐观.教师和学生都在英语上花费了很多工夫，但是效果却并不理想。20世纪70年代，克拉申
4、提出了著名的“语言习得”理论。本文以该理论中的“输入假设”和“情感过滤假设”为出发点,提出了在大，中，小学英语教学中的不同侧重点。即小学侧重于“听” ；中学侧重于“听+说”；大学侧重于“听+说+交际”。根据分析学生各个阶段的阶段特征，笔者具体提出了一些教学方法。 关键词：二语习得；输入；情感过滤；情感因素，英语教学 AbstractNowadays, studying English becomes more and more important. So, how to grasp English well and quickly becomes a very important topic.
5、 At present, though our country has paid more attention to English teaching, the whole level of English teaching was not good. Teachers and students have spent so much time in English, but the result is unsatisfactory. In the 1970s, Stephen D.Krashen put forward a famous theory- Language Acquisition
6、. This paper uses the theory-“Input Hypothesis” and “Affective Filter Hypothesis” as the starting point to propose different emphasis on the English teaching of primary, secondary and university education .The primary school lays particular emphasis on listening; the middle school on listening and s
7、peaking; university on listening speaking and communication.Keywords: Acquisition; Input; Affective Filter; Affective element; English teaching On the Application of “Input Hypothesis” and “Affective Filter Hypothesis” in English Teaching1. Introduction In the 1970s, Stephen D.Krashen, a famous ling
8、uist in U.S.A, put forward a famous theory- Language Acquisition, which is one of the most powerful theories in the world. This theory is mainly formed by 5 hypotheses about learning the second language: Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis; Input Hypothesis; Natural Order Hypothesis; Monitor Hypothesis
9、and Affective Filter Hypothesis. According to this theory, people grasp languages by two mainly ways: acquisition and learning. Among them “acquisition means that the learners learn a kind of language by contacting and communicating with external world, absorb gradually and use this kind of language
10、 under a kind of unconscious .And the word learning means that learners study and grasp a kind of language reasonably (usually refer to the second language not including learners mother tongue) at conscious station. In these 5 hypotheses about learning the second language, Stephen pointed out that “
11、Input Hypothesis” was the core of the theory- Language Acquisition. According to this hypothesis, “inputting term” which was contacted by the acquisitions was neither more difficult nor too simple. Specifically speaking, Stephen set the level what the acquisitions has in learning the second language
12、 as “i”. Then the inputting term can not be “i+2” it means go beyond too much or “i+0” it means close or equate the acquisitions old level. These two kinds of methods are both unfavorable to the improvement of the language level. Ideal input language should be “i+1”, that is slightly higher than the
13、 old level “i”. Unless in this way, the acquisition person can understand the new contents in the inputting language through knowledge experience in the past and different conversation in the test. If the acquisitions follow in order and advance step by step, sentence structure naturally input to th
14、e brain, their levels of language will be improved gradually too. Meanwhile, Stephen still pointed out that though the understanding of inputting language is the necessary requirement in the learning language, this is still far from enough. Intelligible input is valid only when affective filter is l
15、ower (Krashen, 1982).Actually “Affective Filter” is an obstacle to absorb the knowledge, which came from the acquisitions psychology in learning language. It hampered the acquisitions to understand and absorb completely the inputting language. The weak learning motivation, insufficient self-confiden
16、ce and the anxious may have led to affective filter. So in our teaching activities, how to use the Stephens theory guide teaching become quite important. The teacher, only while giving students the appropriate language to input in an appropriate way, reduces the factor of the affective filter and im
17、proves the teaching result most effectively as much as possible.2. On the Application in primary schools According to a survey report of “solo”, the project of setting English course in every primary school in our country began since the autumn of 2001. It is generally from grade three; in some bett
18、er conditions or countries offer from grade one. Though in Shanghai, some kindergartens with better conditions have opened English interest class, so far as the whole national situation, we can basically regard the pupils as the English beginners. The pupils attentions of duration is short, they are
19、 active and their curiosities are extremely strong, especially, low-grade pupils. So, the teachers should stimulate the students interests of studying and train their good study habits as the focal point of English teaching at this stage. If teachers do not understand the childrens age characteristi
20、c, they may have the wrong idea. It make children become resentful to learning English , i.e. Affective Filter mentioned in front of this thesis is too much, obviously, It is extremely unfavorable for children to learn the second language and succeed in the future. To the pupils characteristics, tea
21、chers can guide them from several following aspects:2.1The method of creating the atmosphereAccording to the pupils interest characteristic, teachers could create the English atmosphere that they like. For example, teachers can open up English field on the wall, and stick the words that they learned
22、 usually to the wall in the form of picture to encourage the students to know more words from the multiple channels, and stick the new words to the wall constantly. As accumulating certain amounts of pictures, the teacher can encourage the students to compile the story with the words on the wall, in
23、 order to stimulate their interest in learning English. It does not matter that Chinese and English is mixed in the story, when students weave the stories at the beginning. For example, “有一天，一只monkey碰到了一头elephant，monkey对elephant说，Hello，elephant，我们一起play好吗？Elephant非常happy，它说，Ok，Ok！”In this way, the s
24、tudents are in the whole atmosphere of the classroom and will give play to their own imagination under the teachers encouragement constantly, then they will weave the little story vivid and interestingly. Gradually, with the increasing of students vocabulary, the Chinese part in the story will be su
25、bstituted by English more and more, and students are to the grasp of the basic word, and they will be more pictorially clear in the application of basic daily conversation.2.2 The method of natural acquisitionAt the beginning the teachers might use the method of “English + Chinese translation , when
26、 teaching in the daily conversation .then try to save the Chinese translation gradually and naturally. For example, when the teacher wants to let the students open the book, they can say, Please open your books.请翻开书.After repeating this order many times in classes, teachers can test it in one class,
27、 only say “Please open your books. And omit the following Chinese part. At this moment, teacher could find that quite a few of classmate can do it according to teachers instruction accurate already; it means this new sentence has already been transmitted to students brain and has been feedback succe
28、ssfully. once the writer did such a test: A little boy in grade one of a primary school often plays at home in relatives family, I often speak to him in way of English + Chinese translation .Once a time, while playing the building blocks with him, it was blowing outside. I speak to him at will, “Ple
29、ase close the window.” I have not turned sight to the window nor to the outside, without any hints when saying, then the little boy has run over and closed the window. After several minutes I asked him why he went to shut the window, he said it is I asked to do that. I asked again it was in English
30、or in Chinese when I asked him to do that, but the little boy cant remember. It means, the information of inputting term has already transmitted to the acquisitions brain under a kind of unconscious station naturally.2.3 The method of body language hints “The body language hints” means that the teac
31、her can hint the meaning of some inputting languages to students by using the body language ,for example, when the teacher found a pupil wanted to draw the picture haphazardly on the wall, teacher can say to him while shaking the hand, No, dont do that. For another example, a student has done a good
32、 thing, the teacher can say to him while thumbing up, Good boy!” In this way, even if students have not studied these two sentences, they can also succeed in guessing the meaning through the teachers movements.2.4 The method of song stimulationTeacher can stimulate the students passions for learning
33、 by singing some simple English songs. And in possible cases, teacher could encourage everybody to follow in the song to make corresponding movements. For example, the writer once heard such a very simple and interesting song, Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear, turn around. Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear, touch the gr
34、ound. Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear, show your shoes. Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear. That will do.” Students make the corresponding movements while listening to song under teachers encouragement. The teacher can even also divide students into several groups; and see which group can make sure at the end without ma
35、king mistakes. In this way the students learning passions will be stimulated out greatly.In a word, I think that the English teaching at the stage of primary school should rely mainly on listening, and the teachers should regard stimulating students interests in English as the goal. The teacher shou
36、ld have a clear understanding on the students abilities of understanding and the level of their knowledge, and must not bother your head about their progresses- try to help the shoot grow by pulling it upward. You had better not use such as “the subordinate clause of the relation”, present completiv
37、e tense and so on, and dont teach boringly the grammar with these abstract vocabularies. American psychologist Bruner has ever said in his book: Educational Course”, the best encouragement of learning is the interest in learned materials. While increasing input to students constantly, teachers help
38、students to set up their self-confidences as much as possible, and try to minimize the influence of the affective filter factor, in this way, the input result could be improved most effectively.3. On the Application in middle schools Psychology research shows that learning foreign language is the co
39、urse that internal cause and external cause act on together. The so-called “internal cause , mean learners themselves, but “external cause” means the academic environment that learners are in. In the learner respect, whether their studies are successful or not is closely related with their intellige
40、nce factors and the unintelligence factor is often playing great restriction function. The unintelligence factor had included a lot of respects. For instance the learners learning motivation, willpower, self-confidence, the personality, habit etc. Under the prerequisite with students balanceable int
41、elligence level and relatively stable knowledge, it is essential to improving the English teaching quality which raises the middle school that how to arouse the students enthusiasm of learning English to the maximum extent and try to minimize the influence of the affective filter factor. The teenage
42、rs of the middle school are at the age stage of growing up fast, ego consciousness strong and puzzled age. At this stage, factors such as the ego, the self- image and self-esteem, etc. are in peak period. Consequently, the teacher needs to take factor of these students personalities into account whi
43、le making teaching plans for middle school students. Generally speaking, with the enhancement of comprehension and the natural thought, the middle school students do not need too many pictures to stimulate their sense organ like pupil At this stage, the input of English should be increase enormously
44、, besides “listening”, and we also should attach importance to the students abilities of “speaking”. Particularly, the teacher can make efforts from several following aspects:3.1 The choice of the listening materials During the learning the second language, listening is the most important kind of in
45、put route. The contents of the listening materials can not be understood, i.e. is not input effectively, and we do not know where to begin to input “speaking” or “writing . So the English learned is just “the deaf and dump English”. Moreover, experts who research modern reading believe that in fact,
46、 the training to ears is a good training course of stimulating listening quantity growth. The more stimulate, the greater input is. This is not only extremely favorable to speaking , but also of great advantage to read correctly and write well. Economic development levels of domestic areas are widel
47、y different, and the number of the schools, which have ready conditions to supply students with the multimedia approach to learning, is still less. So, using the tape is the most extensive kind of means at present. Now, a lot of listening materials are sold in the bookstore, but many of them are not
48、 very good materials. Because there are not a bit emotional colors joining, one or several recorders just read the materials stiff from the beginning to the end. Such listening materials are extremely inadvisable, because students are during the process of listening to them, and will often feel flat and insipid, gradually they will lose the interest in learning English. Good listening materials should be taken from true life and can make listeners
