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1、To Foreignize or To Domesticate Abstract1：Domesticatingtranslationandforeignizingtranslationaretwo differenttranslationstrategies.formerreferstothetranslation strategyinatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimize thestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders,while thelatterdesignates
2、thetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextdeliberately breakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignessofthe original.ButwhatisthetranslationpracticelikeinChina?Dotranslators tendtouseforeignizingmethodsordomesticatingones?Whatarethefactors thataffecttheirdecisionmaking?Thispapertriestofindans
3、wersto thequestionsbylookingintothetranslationofEnglishmetaphorsinto Chinese. Keywords:domesticatingtranslation;foreignizingtranslation;metaphor; target languagereader 1.Introduction “Domesticatingtranslation”and”foreignizingtranslation”aretheterms coinedbyL.Venuti(1995)todescribethetwodifferenttran
4、slationstrategies. Theformerreferstothetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluent styleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntext fortargetlanguagereaders,whilethelatterdesignatesthetypeoftranslation inwhichatargettext”deliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretaining somethingofthefor
5、eignessoftheoriginal”(Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:59). TherootsofthetermscanbetracedbacktotheGermanphilosopherSchleiermachers argumentthatthereareonlytwodifferentmethodsoftranslation,”either thetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmoves thereadertowardshim;orheleavesthereaderinpeace,
6、asmuchaspossible, andmovestheauthortowardshim”(Venuti,1995:19-20). Theterms”foreignization”and”domestication”maybenewtotheChinese, buttheconceptstheycarryhavebeenatleastforacenturyattheheart ofmosttranslationcontroversies.LuXun(鲁迅)oncesaidthat”before translating,thetranslatorhastomakeadecision:eithe
7、rtoadaptthe originaltextortoretainasmuchaspossibletheforeignflavourofthe originaltext”(Xu,inLuo,1984:315). ButwhatisthetranslationpracticelikeinChina?RecentlyIhaveread twoarticleswhichshowcompletelyconflictingviewsonthisquestion. Inhisarticleentitled”ChineseandWesternThinkingOnTranslation”, A.Lefeve
8、remakesageneralizationbasedonhiscomparisonofChineseand Westernthinkingontranslation, WhenChinesetranslatestextsproducedbyOthersoutsideitsboundaries, ittranslatesthesetextsinordertoreplacethem,pureandsimple.The translations taketheplaceoftheoriginal.Theyfunctionastheoriginalintheculture totheextent t
9、hattheoriginaldisappearbehindthetranslations.(Bassnett&Lefevere, 1998:14) ,FungandKiuhavedrawnquitedifferentconclusionsfromtheir investigationofmetaphortranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese, OurcomparisonofthetwosetsofdatashowedthatinthecaseoftheEnglish metaphor theimageoftenthannotretained,wherea
10、swiththeChinesemetaphors, substitutionis frequentlyused.OnereasonperhapsisthattheChineseaudience aremorefamiliarwith andreceptivetoWesternculturethantheaverageEnglishreadersisto Chineseculture.(Fung,1995) Theaboveconflictingviewsarousedmyinterestinfindingoutwhether theChinesetendtodomesticateortofor
11、eignizetheytranslatea foreigntext.InwhatfollowsIshallnotcomparetranslationbyWestern andChinesetranslators,butratherlookintothetranslationofEnglish metaphorsintoChinese. 2.WhatisMetaphor? TheRandomHouseUnabridgedDictionary(secondaddition)definesmetaphor as”afigureofspeechinwhichatermorphraseisapplied
12、tosomething towhichitisnotliterallyapplicableinordertosuggestaresemblance.” WhileaccordingtoBBCEnglishDictionary,”metaphorisawayofdescribing somethingbysayingthatitissomethingelsewhichhasthequalitiesthat youaretryingtodescribe.” PeterNewmarkdefinesmetaphoras”anyfigurativeexpression:thetransferred se
13、nseofaphysicalword;thepersonifi3456 cationofanabstraction;theapplication ofawordorcollocationtowhatitdoesnotliterallydenote,i.e.,to describeonethingintermsofanother.Metaphorsmaybesingle -viz.one-word-orextended(acollocation,anidiom,asentence, aproverb,anallegory,acompleteimaginativetext”(1988b:104).
14、 Snell-HornbyrejectsNewmarksconceptofthe”one-wordmetaphor”infavour ofWeinrichsdefinitionthat”metaphoristext”(1988:56).Shebelieves thatametaphorisacomplexof(atleast)threedimensions(object,image andsense),reflectingthetensionbetweenresemblanceand disparity”(1988:56-57). Thispaperwillfollowtheideathat”
15、metaphoristext”whichincludes anidiom,asentence,aproverbandanallegory. 3.Whathasbeensaidaboutthetranslationofmetaphor? “Incontrasttothevoluminousliteratureonmetaphorinthefieldofliterary criticismandrhetoric,thetranslationofmetaphorhasbeenlargelyneglected bytranslationtheorists”(Fung,1995).Inhisarticl
16、e”Canmetaphorbe translatable?”,whichisregardedasaninitialdiscussionofthesubject, Dagutsays, “Whatdeterminesthetranslatabilityofasourcelanguagemetaphorisnot itsboldnessororiginality,butrathertheextenttowhichthecultural experienceandsemantic associationsonwhichitdrawsaresharedbyspeakersoftheparticular
17、 targetlanguage” (1976). Snell-Hornbytakesmetaphortranslationinthelightoftheintegrated approach.Shesaysthat Thesenseofthemetaphorisfrequentlyculture-specific,.Whether ametaphoris translatable(i.e.whetheraliteraltranslationcouldrecreateidentical dimensions),how difficultitistotranslate,howitcanbetran
18、slatedandwhetheritshould betranslatedatall cannotbedecidedbyasetofabstractrules,butmustdependonthestructure andfunctionof theparticularmetaphorwithinthetextconcerned”.(1988:56-9) vandenBroeckconceivesthetreatmentofmetaphorsasafunctionalrelevancy tothecommunicativesituation(1981).MaryFungalsoconsider
19、stranslating metaphorasacommunicativeeventwhichisbothinterlingualandintercultural (1995). Differentfromthesemantic,culturalandfunctionalperspectivesmentioned above,Newmarkholdsamorepragmaticapproach.Drawingonhispractical experience,heproposesseveralproceduresfortranslatingmetaphor:(1) Reproducingthe
20、sameimageinthetargetlanguage;(2) ReplacingtheSLimagewithanotherestablishedTLimage;(3)Replacing themetaphorbysimile;(4)Retainingthemetaphorandaddingthesense; (5)Convertingthemetaphortosense;(6)Omittingthemetaphorifitis redundant. Discussionsofthesubject,especiallythosewritteninChinese,arealso pragmat
21、icratherthantheoretical.InE-CTranslationCoursebook(1980 )whichisthemostwidelyusedtranslationtextbookinChina,ZhangPeiji (张培基)andhisco-compilerssummarizedthreepopularmethodsfortranslating metaphors:(1)Literaltranslation(similartoNewmarksfirstprocedure); (2)ReplacingtheSLimagewithastandardTLimage(simil
22、artoNewmarks secondprocedure);(3)Convertingthemetaphortosense(SameasNewmarks fifthprocedure). BasedonthemethodssuggestedbyZhangandhiscolleagues,GuoZhuzhang (郭著章)proposesfiveinAPracticalCoursebookinTranslationBetween EnglishandChinese(1996,revisededition):(1)Literaltranslationplus explanation;(2)Lite
23、raltranslationplusmeaning;(3)Adaptingthemetaphor; (4)UsingChinesecoupletstorendertheEnglishmetaphor;(5)Replacing theSLimagewithaTLimage. $False$ 4.HowAreMetaphorsTranslated? abovemethods,envisagedasguidelinesforthetranslationstudents aswellasthepracticaltranslators,arequiteexhaustiveofrendering them
24、etaphor.Whichofthemethodsoftranslationareactuallydomesticating andonesforeignizing?InthefollowingsectionIwillcitesome examplesofmetaphortranslationfromtwotranslationtextbooks,twodictionaries andtwoarticlesasthesourcefortheanalysis. 4.1Examples Examplesarecitedfrom:(1)E-CTranslationCoursebook(1980)byZhang Peiji(张培基)etal.,(2)APracticalCoursebookinTranslationBetween 3456
