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1、Unit Two,Fruitful Questions,d,Outline,I.IntroductionII.Structure&Text AnalysisIII.Useful Expressions,What can you see in the pictures?,What is creativity?,Creative or innovative thinking is the kind of thinking that leads to new insights,novel approaches,fresh perspectives,whole new ways of understa
2、nding of things.,Newton and the apple tree,Law of universal gravitation(万有引力定律),Heliocentric.hi:liusentrikTheory日心说,哥白尼,Edward Jenner,and,cow pox,牛痘,Reuben Mattus and Hagen-Dazs,If you love her,take her to Hagen-Dazs.,Vanilla(香草)Chocolate(巧克力)Coffee(咖啡),Rum raisin(蓝姆葡萄)Strawberry(草莓),Cappuccino(意大利咖
3、啡)Green tea(抹茶),Imagination is more important than knowledge.-Einstein,Conclusion：I,Conclusion,Something attempted,something done.-H.W.Longfellow,American Poet 有所尝试才有所作为。,Conclusion：II,Text Structure,Part I(Para.1-5),Part II(Para.6-8),Part III(Para.9-12),Part IV(Para.13),The authors children teach h
4、im about paradigm shifts,and limitations of linear thinking and how to refocus parameters,Three examples of shifting old paradigms in history.,The importance of shifting old paradigms.,The author encourages people to look at information in a new way.,Questions for Part I,What were the author and his
5、 children playing that night?Whats the meaning of the game?3.What were the answers of his three children to his question?,1.What were the author and his children playing that night?,“What Doesnt Belong?”based on the Sesame Street game.,2.Whats the meaning of the game?,It means where kids look at thr
6、ee pictures and choose the one that doesnt belong to the other two.,6 year old child,9 year old child,4 year old child,Different answers of the children,Tomato because the other two are fruits,The right answer is strawberry because the other two are round and a strawberry isnt,Its the orange because
7、 the other two are red,It could also be the orange because the other two grow on vines.,It could be the strawberry because its the only one you put on ice cream.”,The other night at the dinner table,my three kidsages 9,6 and 4took time out from their food fight to teach me about paradigm shifts,and
8、limitations of linear thinking and how to refocus parameters.Heres how it happened:We were playing our own oral version of the Sesame Street game,“What Doesnt Belong?,”where kids look at three pictures and choose the one that doesnt fit.I said,“OK,what doesnt belong,an orange,a tomato or a strawberr
9、y?”,Paradigm shift is a major change in the usual way of thinking about something.,paradigm shift 模式改变,Linear thinking refers to the traditional logical approach to problem thinking.,Linear thinking直线思维,Linear thinking is often contrasted with lateral thinking.,Lateral thinking is a way of solving p
10、roblems that encourages the use of more unconventional and creative means.,To refocus parameters means to look at certain things that were previously ignored.,refocus parameters,重新审视相关因素,Lateral thinking 横向思维,shift:1)n.a change in the way people think about something,in the way something is done,etc
11、.,There has been a shift in clothes fashion.,2)v.move from one place or position to another,or make something do this,人们逐渐从乡村转向了城市。,People gradually shift from the country to the town.,Dont try to shift the responsibility on to me.,Collocation:,shift the blame/responsibility onto(somebody),把责任推给（某人）
12、,shift ones ground,改变立场或方法,The oldest didnt take more than a second to deliver his smug answer:“Tomato because the other two are fruits.”I agreed that this was the right answer despite the fact that some purists insist a tomato is a fruit.To those of us forced as kids to eat them in salads,tomatoes
13、will always be vegetables.I was about to think up another set of three when my 4-year-old said,“The right answer is strawberry because the other two are round and a strawberry isnt.”How could I argue with that?Then my 6-year-old said,“Its the orange because the other two are red.”Not to be outdone b
14、y his younger siblings,the 9-year-old said,“It could also be the orange because the other two grow on vines.”The middle one took this as a direct challenge.“It could be the strawberry because its the only one you put on ice cream.”,他的脸上露出自鸣得意的微笑。,A smug smile reveals on his face.,smug:adj.too please
15、d with or proud of oneself,ones achivements,etc;self-satisfied,沾沾自喜的；自满的；自鸣得意的,smug optimism,自鸣得意的乐观态度,smug answer,smug smile,自鸣得意的微笑,outdo:v.be better or more successful than someone else at doing sth.,She determined to outdo her brother at work and games.,为了不让别人胜过自己，他又试一次。,Not to be outdone,he tri
16、ed again.,1.What is the grammatical function of“forced as kids to eat them in salads”?Paraphrase the sentence.,It is a past participle modifying“those of us”.To those of us who were forced to eat tomatoes in salads during childhood,they surely belong to vegetables.,2.Translate the sentence into Chin
17、ese.,对我们这些从小就被迫吃拌在色拉里的西红柿的人来说，西红柿永远是蔬菜。,What did the author think of his childrens action?2.Who are the famous scientists mentioned in the text?3.What had they done?4.Why does the author think Copernicus,Mattus and Jenner belong to the same group?,2.Who are the famous scientists mentioned in the tex
18、t?,Copernicus,Reuben Mattus and Edward Jenner,1.What did the author think of his childrens action?,They were doing something as the famous scientists had done.,3.What had they done?,Names,Examples,Copernicus,He placed the sun at the center of the universe,readjusting the centuries-old paradigm of Ea
19、rth-centered system.,Reuben Mattus,He renamed his Bronx ice cream Hagen-Dazs and raised the price without changing the product.,Edward Jenner,He discovered a vaccination for smallpox by abandoning his quest for a cure.,What had they done?,Why does the author think Copernicus,Mattus and Jenner belong
20、 to the same group?,Because they were refocusing the parameters.They were redefining the problems.They were reframing the questions.In short,they were shifting old paradigms.,Something was definitely happening here.It was messier than a food fight and much more important than whether a tomato is a f
21、ruit or vegetable.My kids were doing what Copernicus did when he placed the sun at the center of the universe,readjusting the centuries-old paradigm of an Earth-centered system.They were doing what Reuben Mattus did when he renamed his Bronx ice cream Hagen-Dazs and raised the price without changing
22、 the product.They were doing what Edward Jenner did when he discovered a vaccination for smallpox by abandoning his quest for a cure.,Instead of studying people who were sick with smallpox,he began to study people who were exposed to it but never got sick.He found that theyd all contracted a similar
23、 but milder disease,cow pox,which vaccinated them against the deadly smallpox.They were refocusing the parameters.They were redefining the problems.They were reframing the questions.In short,they were doing what every scientist whos ever made an important discovery throughout history has done,accord
24、ing to Thomas Kuhn,in his book,The Structure of Scientific Revolutions:They were shifting old paradigms.,这事儿比争抢食物还乱，比西红柿是水果还是蔬菜重要得多。,We can infer from the sentence that the game is not as simple as it appears.It inspires us to think more behind the game itself.,2.Translate the sentence into Chinese.
25、,1.What can we infer from the sentence?,vaccinate:v.protect sb.(against a disease)by injecting a vaccine,Pattern:vaccinate sb./sth against sth.,You should have your dog vaccinated against rabiesreibi:z(狂犬病).,你应该给你的狗注射疫苗以预防狂犬病。,He has had his vaccination against typhoid(伤寒).,abandon:v.,1)give up comp
26、letely;cancel,我们敦促那些吸烟的人戒烟。,We urge people who smoke to abandon the habit.,He abandoned all hope.,2)yield completely to,abandon oneself to sth,He abandoned himself to despair.,contract v.1)make(a legal agreement)with sb for a purpose,We have contracted with a firm for the supply of fuel.,我们已经与一家公司就供
27、应燃料一事签定了合同。,2)get or develop(an illness),My son has contracted a cold.,Questions for Part III,What if the Sesame Street game had been a workbook exercise in school?2.Why does the author wish to remind us that there are real limits to the value of information?3.In the information age,how can we deal
28、with the information?4.What can we learn from Copernicus and Edward Jenner?,1.What if the Sesame Street game had been a workbook exercise in school?,If this had been a workbook exercise in school,every kid who didnt circle tomato would have been marked wrong.Every kid who framed the question differe
29、ntly than“Which is not a fruit?”would have been wrong.,2.Why does the author wish to remind us that there are real limits to the value of information?,I bring this up because we seem to be at a point in the evolution of our society where everyone is clamoring for more technology,for instant access t
30、o ever-growing bodies of information.,If we really want to obtain something in the information age,we should shift our paradigms and refocus our parameters.,3.In the information age,how can we deal with the information more effectively?,4.What can we learn from Copernicus and Edward Jenner?,From the
31、 examples of Copernicus and Edward Jenner,we can find out that it is important to have easy and quick access to information,but it is even more important to learn to look at information in new ways.,This is not meant to be a critique of schools.Lord knows,thats easy enough to do.This is,instead,a re
32、minder that there are real limits to the value of information.I bring this up because we seem to be at a point in the evolution of our society where everyone is clamoring for more technology,for instant access to ever-growing bodies of information.Students must be online.Your home must be digitally
33、connected to the World Wide Web.Businesses must be able to download volumes of data instantaneously.But unless we shift our paradigms and refocus our parameters,the super information highway will lead us nowhere.,We are not now,nor have we recently been suffering from a lack of information.Think how
34、 much more information we have than Copernicus had four centuries ago.And he didnt do anything less Earth-shattering(pun intended)than completely change the way the universe was viewed.He didnt do it by uncovering more informationhe did it by looking differently at information everyone else already
35、had looked at.Edward Jenner didnt invent preventive medicine by accumulating information;he did it by reframing the question.,reminder:n.sth.that makes you notice,remember or think about sth.,这些照片总能使人回忆起2008年。,The photographs are a lasting reminder of 2008.,杨不悔让殷梨亭想起了纪晓芙。,How to understand the word“
36、Earth-shattering”in this sentence?,The author intends the word“Earth-shattering”to be a pun a clever and amusing use of a word with more than one meaning.It can be interpreted as meaning either“Earth-shaking”(profound in significance)or“exploding the Earth-centered theory.”,Translate the sentence in
37、to Chinese,但他作出了足以震撼地球的（权作双关语）惊人之举，完全改变了人们对宇宙的看 法。,What can we infer from the paragraph?,The key point is not the lack of information.What we need is not more information but new ways of looking at it.,What we need as we begin to downshift onto the information highway is not more information but new
38、 ways of looking at it.We need to discover,as my kids did,that there is more than one right answer,there is more than one right question and there is more than one way to look at a body of information.We need to remember that when you have only a hammer,you tend to see every problem as a nail.,We ne
39、ed to remember that when you have only a hammer,you tend to see every problem as a nail.,1.What do“a hammer”and“a nail”refer to?,“A hammer”and“a nail”here are used as two metaphors symbolizing the old paradigms and the fixed patterns of thinking.,If you look at things only in one way,most likely you
40、 will fail to see the nature of your problem and consequently you wont be able to solve it.Therefore,we need to look at things in different ways and from different aspects through creative thinking.,Useful Expressions,1.直线型思维2.改变模式3.重新审视相关因素4.给出非常自以为是的答案5.与某人争论6.宇宙的中心7.地球中心学8.寻求；追索.9.暴露于 10.（给人）接种疫苗
41、 11.感染（疾病）,linear thinking,shift paradigms,refocus parameters,deliver ones smug answer,argue with sb.,the center of the universe,an Earth-centered system,quest for,be exposed to,vaccinate sb.against,contract(a disease),12.提出；使注意13.社会的演变发展14.大声要求或抗议15.快速获得16.不断增长的17.下载资料数据18.信息高速公路19.惊天动地的20.发现信息21.预防性药品22.收集信息,bring up,the evolution of the society,clamor for,instant access to,ever-growing,download volumes of data,the super information highway,Earth-shattering,uncover information,preventive medicine,accumulate information,Thank you for your attention!,
