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1、The Functions of Punctuations,英语标点用法概述(此部分内容为补充材料,供教师参考使用,教材正文里没有,特此说明),Understanding Punctuation,1 The Exclamation Point!,3 The Semicolon;,8 Quotation Marks“”and,9 The Ellipsis Mark.,7 The Dash,6 Parentheses(),5 Brackets,4 The Colon:,2 The Comma,Punctuation,like mechanics(such as capitalization,ita
2、lics,abbreviations,and word-division),has not received due attention in most textbooks on writing or in most writing classes.However,in English punctuation plays a more important part than in Chinese.Thus we believe it is necessary to familiarize ourselves with proper use of punctuation and the role
3、 punctuation can play in the process of practicing writing,especially in realization of the goal of being clear,being coherent,being emphatic,being concise,and in a word,being forceful,which are generally thought to be basic qualities of good writing.,Understanding Punctuation,Lets look at the follo
4、wing anecdote.Peter can change the goal of Toms insult simply by using two commas and quotations.,Activity,Example 1,Tom said Peter must be as stupid as an ass.“Tom,”said Peter,“must be as stupid as an ass.”,Understanding Punctuation,Comment:A joking example as it might be,it demonstrates one point
5、of the importance of punctuation.Of course,punctuation can not alone fill this type of function.,Often in practical English test,we come across multiple-choice question,in which the punctuation provides the clues for the selection of choice.,Activity,Study the example below.,Understanding Punctuatio
6、n,According to a professor who has made s scientific study of lying,women are better liars than men,particularly when telling a white lie,such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she thinks it looks awful.,this is only one side of the story.,Example 1,A.But B
7、.However C.So D.Therefore,Understanding Punctuation,Comment:According to the meaning of the sentence,we need a connective that indicates change of thought direction in the blank.So the choices A and B are both right in this case.But the comma following the blank gives us the cue that B is correct,be
8、cause the connective however usually requires a comma after it,whereas the coordinating connective but does not.,Occasionally,in grammar structure test,too,punctuation plays an important role in making the correct choice.,Understanding Punctuation,Study the following example.,Activity,Example 1,Tom
9、has two sisters,Jane and Mary,_.A.Jane being an engineer and Mary,a medical doctorB.Jane is an engineer and Mary,a medical doctorC.Jane was an engineer and Mary,a medical doctorD.Jane,an engineer and Mary,a medical doctor,Understanding Punctuation,Comment:Choice A is correct,because the punctuation
10、mark after the appositive Jane and Mary is a comma,and such a structure requires an absolute structure of the present participle with Jane acting as the logical subject of the phrase being an engineer.But if the punctuation mark after the appositive Jane and Mary is not a comma but a period,then cho
11、ice B is correct.Accordingly,the comma after the appositive Jane and Mary provides the cue for the correct choice of this multiple-choice question.,Understanding Punctuation,Of course,other means,such as the change of sentence structure,word order,necessary mechanics,etc.,are also in order.,Study th
12、e following examples.,Activity,Example 1,Original:They lived and laughed and loved and left.,Comment:The above example is taken from James Joyces Finnegans Wake.In terms of sound rather than in sense,this sentence is，most readers of literature assume,more forceful and eloquent than the rewritten one
13、(listed right below)because the repetition of the,Understanding Punctuation,coordinator and make the readers read the sentence more slowly,thus causing them to pay attention to each verb in the list.,Revised:They lived,laughed,loved,and left.,Comment:In this we can see the use of commas and its stre
14、ngthening function in standard daily writing.But in nonliterary writing such as exposition,argumentation,such repetitive use of and should be controlled,because too many lists of words,phrases,clauses strung together with such kind of coordinators will soon tire our readers rather than gain their,Un
15、derstanding Punctuation,attention.So in this case the revised version(with the interposition of commas in the right places)of James Joyces original sentence is more forceful and accordingly effective.,Examples of punctuation marks enhancing emphasis is found in the use of the dash.The dash requires
16、readers to pause in their process of reading,and thus is more forceful than a comma.We can use dashes to gain emphasis,as long as we use them sparsely.We can use a dash to add emphasis to an idea at the end of a sentence,the position of stress,Understanding Punctuation,Example 2,Emphatic:Maybelle ha
17、d only one chanceand a slim one at that.,Less emphatic:Maybelle had only one chance,and a slim one at that.,We can use dashes,instead of commas,around an interruption to emphasize the interrupting materials.,Understanding Punctuation,Example 3,Emphatic:My cousin Clydethe crazy one from Kankakeeis ru
18、nning for the legislature.,Less emphatic:My cousin Clyde,the crazy one from Kankakee,is running for the legislature.,If we want to take away emphasis from an interrupter,we may use parenthesis.,Understanding Punctuation,Not emphatic:My cousin Clyde(the crazy one from Kankakee)is running for the legi
19、slature.,Example 4,Another way of achieving emphasis is the use of colon,because colon can call readers attention to a list of items,which is separated from the main clause with the help of colon.,There are three ingredients in the good life:learning,earning,and yearning.,Example 5,The colon,because
20、 it is not a particularly common mark of punctuation,calls attention to itself and the list that follows the mark.,Understanding Punctuation,Punctuations,1 The Exclamation Point!,Quotation points are commonly used after genuine exclamations.,O kind missionary,O compassionate missionary,leave China！C
21、ome home and convert these Christians!,Example 1,Whereas,mild interjections and commands are usually followed with periods or commas.,The Exclamation Point!,No,the response was not terrific.,To prolong your cars life,change its oil regularly.,But for sentences to be emphatic,the exclamation point is
22、 usually used after statements and interjections and after strong commands.,Example 2,No!We must not lose this election!,Example 3,The Exclamation Point!,When she saw her rain-soaked term paper,she gasped,“Oh,no!”,Example 4,Come here immediately!,Example 5,Notice:Exclamation points are never combine
23、d with other exclamation points,question marks,periods,or commas.,The Exclamation Point!,Study the following sentences below to see how exclamation points should be used.,Activity,Faulty:My father was most emphatic.“I will not give you any more money!,”he roared.,Sentence 1,Revised:My father was mos
24、t emphatic.“I will not give you any more money!”he roared.,The Exclamation Point!,Comment:Exclamation points,like a double-edged sword,should be used carefully.Sometimes use of them can spoil an otherwise emphatic writing.For example,we should avoid the expression of sarcasm,irony,or amazement with
25、the exclamation point.At this time,just rely on sentence structure and diction to express these attitudes.,The Exclamation Point!,Faulty:After traveling 1.24 billion miles through space,Voyager 2 missed its target by 41 miles!,Sentence 2,Revised:After traveling 1.24 billion miles through space,Voyag
26、er 2 missed its target by a mere 41 miles.,Comment:At other times,use of exclamation points can not invariably yield the desired effect of emphasis;on the contrary it might make our tone seem extreme.In the following case,the one without exclamation marks is generally considered to be more effective
27、 than the one with exclamation points.,The Exclamation Point!,Our city government is a mess!After just six months in office,the mayor has had to fire four city officials!In the same period the city councilors have done nothing but argue!And city services decline with each passing day!,Our city gover
28、nment is a mess.After just six months in office,the mayor has had to fire four city officials.In the same period the city councilors have done nothing but argue.And city services decline with each passing day.,Sentence 3,Sentence 4,The Exclamation Point!,Revise the sentences below so that exclamatio
29、n points(along with other punctuation marks)are used correctly.If a sentence is punctuated correctly as given,circle the number preceding it.,Activity,Exercises for Exclamation Point,Example,Wrong:What a shock it was to hear her scream,“Stop”,Correct:What a shock it was to hear her scream,“Stop!”,Th
30、e Exclamation Point!,（1）The sun was so bright that it bleached all colors!（2）“Well,now!,”he said loudly.（3）The childs cries could be heard next door:“Dont go.Dont go.”（4）Close your books and take out a clean piece of paper.（5）As the fire fighters moved their equipment into place,police walked throug
31、h the crowd shouting,“Move back!.”,The Exclamation Point!,2 The Comma,The comma is the most frequently usedand misusedmark of internal punctuation.In general,commas function within sentences to indicate pauses and to separate elements;they also have several conventional uses,as in dates.Omitting nee
32、ded commas or inserting needless ones can confuse the reader.,Study the following sentences below to see how comma should be used.,Activity,The Comma,Comma needed:Though very tall Abraham Lincoln was not an overbearing man.,Revised:Though very tall,Abraham Lincoln was not an overbearing man.,Sentenc
33、e 1,Unneeded:The hectic pace of Beirut,broke suddenly into frightening chaos when the city became,the focus of civil war.,Revised：The hectic pace of Beirut broke suddenly into frightening chaos when the city became the focus of civil war.,Sentence 2,The Comma,Comment:Commas are often inappropriately
34、 use,creating such typical sentential errors as comma splice,run-on sentences,which are easy to correct because they are made due to lack of grammatical knowledge.But rhetorical use of the comma should receive due attention.,The Comma,The Main Uses of Comma,Use the Comma Before a Coordinating Conjun
35、ction Linking Main Clauses,The coordinating conjunctions(and,but,or,nor,yet,so,for)should be preceded by a comma when they link main clauses,that is,clauses with a subject and predicate(and without a subordinating word at the beginning)that make complete statements.,The Comma,Study the following sen
36、tences to see how comma is used.,Activity,She was perfectly at home in what she knew,and what she knew has remained what all of us want to know.,Sentence 1,He would have turned around again without a word,but I seized him.,Sentence 2,The Comma,Seventeen years ago this month I quit work,or,if you pre
37、fer,I retired from business.,They made their decision with some uneasiness,for they knew that in such places any failure to conform could cause trouble.,Sentence 3,Sentence 4,The Comma,In putting on trousers a man always inserts the same old leg first.All men do it,yet no man thought it out and adop
38、ted it of set purpose.,Near evening I was too jittery to attend to chores,so Bailey volunteered to do all before his bath.,Sentence 5,Sentence 6,Note:Some writers prefer to use a semicolon before so and yet.,The Comma,Many people say that the institution of marriage is in decline;yet recent evidence
39、 on the number and stability of marriages suggests that the institution is at least holding steady.,When the main clauses in a sentence are very long or grammatically complicated,or when they contain internal punctuation,a semicolon before the coordinating conjunction will clarify the division betwe
40、en clauses.,Example 1,The Comma,Life would be dull without its seamier side,its violence,filth,and hatred;for otherwise how could we appreciate the joys?,Example 2,When main clauses are very short and closely related in meaning,you may omit the comma between them as long as the resulting sentence is
41、 clear.,She opened her mouth but no sound came out of it.,Example 3,The Comma,The thunder roared and the lightning flashed.,Example 4,Conclusion:Whenever in doubt about whether to use a comma in such sentences,use it.It will always be correct.,The Comma,Activity,Exercises for Commas Before Coordinat
42、ing Conjunctions,Insert a comma before each coordinating conjunction that links main clauses in the sentences below.,I would have dropped out of school but my physics teacher talked me into staying.,I would have dropped out of school,but my physics teacher talked me into staying.,Example,The Comma,（
43、1）Kampala is Ugandas capital and largest city and it serves as the nations social and economic center.（2）I am looking for a job but the ones I find either pay too little or require too many skills that I do not have.（3）Housing prices continue to rise so fewer people can afford their own homes.（4）Jil
44、l wanted to go out for the tennis team but she strained a tendon in her right ankle.（5）The hikers had come a long way and they could not summon the energy for the final mile to the river and a comfortable campsite.,The Comma,Use the Comma to Set Off Introductory Phrases and Clauses.,Introductory phr
45、ases and clauses modify a word or words in the main clause that follows.Put a comma after introductory elements:subordinate clauses,participles,infinitives,and participial and infinitive Phrases,prepositional phrases,and sentence modifiers such as unfortunately,certainly,and of course.,The Comma,Stu
46、dy the following sentences to see how comma is used.,Activity,If Ernest Hemingway had written comic books,they would have been just as good as his novels.subordinate clause,Sentence 1,Exhausted,the runner collapsed at the finish line.participle,Sentence 2,The Comma,To win the most important race of
47、her career,she had nearly killed herself.infinitive phrase,Sentence 4,From Columbus and Sir Walter Raleigh onward,America has been traveling the road west.prepositional phrase,Sentence 5,The Comma,From Columbus and Sir Walter Raleigh onward,America has been traveling the road west.prepositional phra
48、se,Sentence 4,Unfortunately,the diamond was fake.sentence modifier,Sentence 5,Take care to distinguish verbals used as subjects(gerunds or gerund phrases)from verbals used as modifiers.The former never take a comma;the latter usually do.,The Comma,Jogging through the park has become a popular form o
49、f recreation for city dwellers.gerund phrase used as subject,Jogging through the park,I was unexpectedly caught in a downpour.participial phrase used as adjective,The comma can be omitted following short introductory prepositional and infinitive phrases and subordinate clauses if its omission does n
50、ot create confusion.But if you are in doubt,however,always use the comma.It is absolutely correct.,Sentence 6,Sentence 7,The Comma,Clear：By the year 2000 the world population will be more than 6 billion.prepositional phrase,Clear：To write clearly one must think clearly.infinitive phrase,Clear：When s
