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1、宾语从句,豆丁网-你身边的高考专家更多内容尽在http:/,一、宾语从句的概念,宾语从句属于名词性从句，在句中作主句的宾语。eg.We know Mr Green teaches English.She asked if these answers were right.,二、宾语从句三要素：,连 接 词,时 态,语 序,（一）连 接 词,1.连词that引导：作从句的原句是陈述句。I hear _English is not easy.2.if/whether“是否”，用它引导从句，说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在ask,wonder,can(could)you tell me 等后。
2、原句为一般疑问句，选择疑问句或反意疑问句。Could you tell me if(whether)Miss Brown lives in that house?,3.当从句原本是特殊疑问句时，用以下连接代词和连接副词引导：what,which,who,whom,whose,when,where,how,why,how far,how long,how many,how much,how often作用：连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义。eg:I didnt hear _he wanted me to do.I want to know _is that young ma
3、n.Tom asked us_we would start the party.,（二）语序：陈述句语序,（三）时态：主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态。主句用过去时，从句用与过去相关的时态。,即：主句+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）,Do you still remember _(他说的什么)?,特殊情况：,1.从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时，任用现在时。Dad told us that it is better to do than to say.He told the boy that three and three is six.Could you tell m
4、e where the bookshop is.2.从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍然用一般过去时。The teacher told me she was born in 1960.,三、宾语从句注意事项,(一)当从句的原句为以下句子以及what,who作主语时，语序不变：Whats wrong?Whats the matter?Whats happening?eg:I dont know whats the matter.Can you tell me who is over there?,(二)只能用whether不能用if的情况,1.在介词后面：Im thinkin
5、g of whether we should go fishing.We didnt think about whether it would rain the next day.2.在动词不定式前：They asked me whether to sit at the front.,3.当与or not连用，或提出两种选择 时:I dont know whether hes free or not.Mary asked whether I was doing my homework or not.Tell me whether youd like to go shopping or tidy
6、 the room.4.宾语从句提前时：Whether this is true or not,I cant say.,5.在动词discuss后的宾语从句中:We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week.6.引导表语从句或位于句首的主语从句用whether：Whether he is right or wrong is a question.The question was whether he went there last night.,(三)用if不用whether的情况:,1.引导否定概念的宾语从句时：He
7、 asked me if I hadnt finish my homework.2.引导条件状语从句，if意为“如果”时:Well go hiking if it doesnt rain tomorrow.,四、宾语从句转化为简单句,1.当主从句的主语一致时：1)I dont know what I shall do next.I dont know what to do next.2)John didnt decide which shirt he would buy.John didnt decide which shirt to buy.,2.当主句的谓语含有双宾语时，如果间宾与从句（直
8、宾）中的主语一致时：1)Can you tell me how I can get to the police station?Can you tell me how to get to the police station?2)Please show me how I should start the recorder.Please show me how to start the recorder.,3.当主句的谓语动词是order,require等时，如果主句和从句的主语 不一致，宾语从句可转化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构:The headmaster ordered that we
9、should start at once.The headmaster ordered us to start at once.,4.其他转换：1)He insisted that he should go with us.He insisted on going with us.2)We found that the box was very heavy.We found that the box very heavy.,Exercise:1._he will tell us _ he didnt take the money is still a question.A.if;if B.wh
10、ether;whetherC.whether;if D.if;whether2.This is the room_ we lived in last year.3.This is the room_ we lived last year.4.Its only two days_we spent on holidays.,6.This is the factory_we visited last week.A.It B.what C.which D.who7.I dont know_winter starts in China.,分 词,一、形 式,过去分词只有一种形式。,现在分词：,二、功 能
11、,1作表语2作定语3作状语4作宾语补足语5.现在分词的完成形式和被动形式6.独立结构,1作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如：The news was exciting.The situation is encouraging.She looked disappointed.He appeared satisfied with my answer.He seemed quite delighted at the idea.Dont get excited.注：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 qu
12、ite，有时也可用very much，如：Im very much pleased.Hes very much worried about his health.,注：过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：系表结构：a.常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b.一般不带状语；c.可以有不及物动词的过去分词。被动结构：a.有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；b.可以带时 间、方式或 by 短语作状语；c.必须是及物动词。The small village is surrounded by trees.(状态)
13、The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.(动作)Im interested in chess.I was interested by what you told me.The sun is risen.This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921.,2作定语：单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：touching story/leading cadres/shining example/coming week/skilled worker/armed forces/boiled wat
14、er/steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：developing countries=countries that are developing a growing city=a city that is growing liberated areas=areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之
15、后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：Who is the man standing(=that is standing)by the door?They built a highway leading(=which leads)into the mountains.They are problems left(=which have been left)over by history.Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun?,作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：a.表示正在进行的动作,(变为从句时要用进行时态),如：T
16、ell the children playing there(who are playing there)not to make so much noise.Did you see the man talking(who was talking)to the manager?b.表示经常性的动作,或现在(或当时)的状态,(变为从句时,用一般时态),如：They lived in a room facing(=that faced)the south.The house standing(=that stands)at the corner of the street was built in
17、1955.过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：Is this the book recommended by our teacher?The meeting held last week is very important.He is a man loved by all.I hate to see letters written in pencil.,注：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如：The meeting being held is very importan
18、t.We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.注：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如：The meeting to be held next week is very important.Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting.,分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：All my brothers living in Shanghai are
19、scientists.All my brothers,living in Shanghai,are scientists.All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.All the letters in the drawer,written in pencil,are from my sister.,本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：Here is Mr.Li coming fro
20、m Beijing.(应改为who has come from Beijing)Those having finished their work can go home now.(应改为who have finished)The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning.(应改为who gave us)系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：Those being busy dont have to go.(应改为Those who are busy dont have to go.)
21、His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old.(应改为who is)不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion.(应改为which/that died),3作状语：现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如：The children ran out of the room,laughing and talking merrily.They stood there for an hour watching the
22、 game.She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.注意：a.分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b.分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c.分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d.大部分放在谓语之后；e.分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。现在分词作状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c），如：Following the guide,they started to climb.Working this way,they greatly reduce
23、d the cost.Travelling by jeep,we visited a number of cities.,现在分词作状语，表示原因或理由，如：Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.Not knowing her address,we couldnt get in touch with her.Being so poor in those days,we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注：如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如：
24、Having worked among the peasants for many years,he knew them very well.Not having received an answer,he decided to write another letter.Having lived in Berlin many years,he knew the city well.现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句），如：Turning around,she saw a police car driving up.Hearing the news,they all jumped
25、with joy.Seeing those pictures,he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan.,注：这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while+分词这种结构，如：Be careful when crossing the street.Dont mention this while talking to him.注：如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：Having arriv
26、ed at a decision,they immediately set to work.Having heard this,the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.,现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步，如：Her husband died in 1942,leaving her with five children.(结果)The bus was held up by snowstorm,thus causing the delay.(结果)Working hard,you will succeed.(条件)Turning to
27、the left,you will find the path leading to the site.(条件)Weighing almost one hundred jin,the stone was moved by him alone.(让步),过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况，如：Built in 1192,the bridge is over 700 years old.Led by the party,the people have improved their living conditions greatly.Surrounded by a group
28、 of pupils,the old teacher walked into the room.The trainer appeared,followed by six little dogs.过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句），如：The children,exhausted,fell asleep at once.He soon fell asleep,exhausted by the journey.(=as he was exhausted),过去分词短语有时可以表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句），如：United,we stand;divided,
29、we fall.(=When/If we are united)Heated,water changes into steam.(=When/If water is heated)Seen from the hill,the park looks very beautiful.注：过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上when,if,while,though,as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为“主语+be 的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同，如：If/When heated,water changes into steam.Even
30、 if invited,I wont go.We will not attack unless attacked.The girl is very shy,and never speaks until spoken to.,4作宾语补足语：现在分词做宾语补足语，如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.He tried to start the engine running.The words immediately set us all laugh
31、ing.注：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，强调动作过程。过去分词做宾语补足语，如：He watched the TV set carried out of the room.Last year they had the house rebuilt.When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.Youd better have your shoes mended.注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。,现在分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作
32、；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：He saw an old man getting on the bus.An old man was getting on the bus.I once heard this song sung in Japanese.This song was once sung in Japanese.I dont want the children taken out in such weather.The children were taken out in such weather.以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时
33、，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”，如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time.She was never heard singing that song again.One of the glasses was found broken.,有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，有些动词只能用现在分词作宾语补足语，这些动词是：catch,keep,mind,prevent,remember,stop,start,smell,excuse,spy,send 等，例如：She caught her so
34、n smoking a cigarette.Wed better keep the fire burning.I dont mind you joking.I like it.The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time.I dont remember him ever saying anything like that.We must try to stop them getting into trouble.His words started me thinking seriously.Can you smell something bur
35、ning?The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground.,现在分词的完成形式和被动形式,现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如：Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.The delegates,having fulfilled their mission,arrived back in Shanghai.注：在独立结构中，也可以用现在分词的完成形式，如：His comrades having all left for
36、 the front,he didnt want to stay in the rear.,在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语，如：That building being repaired is our library.（定语）He asked who was the man being operated on.（定语）Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.（宾语补足语）As we entered the village
37、,we saw new houses being built.（宾语补足语）Being asked to give a performance,she couldnt very well refuse.（状语）Being protected by a thick wall,they felt they were quite safe.（状语）,有时还有完成被动形式，如：Having been given such a good chance,how could she let it slip away?,在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻
38、辑上的主语,这种结构称为:,独 立 结 构,独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况,表示时间、原因、条件等,例如：He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.(伴随情况)The shower being over,we continued to march.(时间)So many students being absent,we decided to put the meeting off.(原因)Weather permitting,well have an outing tomorrow.(条件)All things considered
39、,her paper is of greater value than yours.The job done,we went home.The composition written,he handed it to the teacher.,动词不定式,一、不定式结构作主语,To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.To persevere means victory!注：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：Its a great pleasure to be here.It is not a
40、n easy thing to master a language.注：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：It took us five hours to get there.It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.,注：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”来表示，如：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.注：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时
41、，常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.It was careless of her to make such a mistake.,二、不定式结构作表语,1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the peop
42、le.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.Your mistake was not to write that letter.My suggestion is to start work at once.W
43、hat I would suggest is to start work at once.注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”，如：All we have to do is push the button.The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.All I could do was send him a telegram.,三、不定式结构作动词宾语,1“动词+带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,d
44、esire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等，例如：Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock.I didnt expect to find you here.2“动词+疑问词+带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell,advise,show,teach,find out,decide,discu
45、ss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder 等。疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why 除外），如：I dont know what to do/where to go/who(m)to ask/when to stop/how to get there.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next/where to p
46、ut it.,注：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help her.They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but(=except)的结构中才能这样用，例如：He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.The
47、 child did nothing except weep.She can do anything but sing.He will do anything for you except lend you money.They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题！,四、不定式结构作定语,1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：Its time to go to bed.He is not a man to bow before difficulties.Have you anything t
48、o declare?She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.I want to get something to read during the vocation.2能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：I dont wish to quarrel with you.I have no wish to quarrel with you.They will attempt to cross the river tonight.They will make another attempt
49、 to cross the river tonight.She promised not to do that again.She made a promise not to do that again.,3某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：He was obviously anxious to go.His anxiety to go was obvious.4不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：He has a large family to support(=that he must support).注：处于动宾关系
50、的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：She has a lot of things to attend to.The nurse has five children to look after.Lets first find a room to put the things in.5有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for+名词词组，如：Heres a book for you to read.He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.,五、不定式结构作状语,不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词
