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1、一、Inversion-倒装结构二、The Non-finite Forms of the Verb 非限定动词三、名词性从句四、Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气五、主谓一致六、反意疑问句 七、定语从句八、状语从句,一、Inversion-倒装结构,（一）、Full Inversion(倒装句之全部倒装)全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1）here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：Then came the chai
2、rman.那时总裁来了。Here is your letter.你的信。,（一）、Full Inversion(倒装句之全部倒装)2）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。Ahead sat an old woman.前面坐着一个老妪。注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：Here he comes.他来了。Away they went.他们走开了。,（二）、Partial Inversion(倒装句之部分倒装
3、)部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1）句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,at no time,in no way,not until 等。例如：Never have I seen such a performance.从未见过如此糟糕的表演。Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。,（二）、Partial Inversio
4、n(倒装句之部分倒装)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.(母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。)注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：I have never seen such a performance.The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.,典型例题：1）Why cant I smoke here?At no time_ in the meeting-room.A
5、.is smoking permitted B.smoking is permitted C.smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.,典型例题：2）Not until the early years of the 19th ce
6、ntury _ what heat is.A.man did know B.man know C.didnt man know D.did man know答案D.看到Not until的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。,1、以否定词开头作部分倒装：（1）如 Not onlybut also,Hardly/Scarcely when,No sooner than等，要倒装。例如
7、：Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚出门，就有个学生来访。No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她刚出门，就有个学生来访。,典型例题：No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A.the game began B.
8、has the game begun C.did the game begin D.had the game begun 答案：？,答案D.以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及not onlybut（also）,no soonerthan,hardly when scarcely when等等。注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装
9、结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music。,2、用so,neither,nor词表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒装，例如：Tom can speak French.So can Jack.If you wont go,neither will I.典型例题：-Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?-I dont know,_.A.nor dont I care B.nor do I care C.I dont care neitherD.I dont care also答案：B.nor为增补意思也
10、不关心，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 dont 再次否定，C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。,2、用so,neither,nor词表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒装，例如：（注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。）例如：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。-Its raining hard.-So it is.雨下得真大。是呀。,3、only在句首倒装的情况。例如：Only in this way can you learn English w
11、ell.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.（叫了三次，他才来参加会议。）如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。,4、as,though 引导的倒装句：as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词)提前。但需注意：1）句首名词不能带任何冠词。2）句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在
12、主语之前。例如：Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。,5、其他部分倒装：1）so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得很，动也不敢动。2）在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如：May you all be happy
13、.愿你们都快乐。3）在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if 省略，把 were,had,should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：Were I you,I would try it again.(If I were you,.),典型例题：1）Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is A.man did know B.man knew C.didnt man know D.did man know 2）Not until I began to work _ how muc
14、h time I had wasted.A.didnt I realizeB.did I realize C.I didnt realize D.I realize,答案D。（否定词Not until在句首，要求用部分倒装）,答案为B。,典型例题：3）Do you know Tom bought a new car?I dont know,_.A.nor dont I care B.nor do I care C.I dont care neitherD.I dont care also答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示也不。由 so,neither,nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况
15、的重复出现。其中,so用于肯定句,而 neither,nor 用在否定句中。,二、The Non-finite Forms of the Verb 非限定动词,1、不定式(The Infinitive)2、动名词(The Gerund)3、分词(The Participle),（一）、动名词与不定式：1）动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的；不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的。2）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。3）有些动词接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。如：,3.1）、stop doing/
16、to do stop to do：停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事；stop doing:停止做某事。例如：They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题：She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have restedB.resting C.to restD.rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to d
17、o sth.停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。,3.2）、forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事；forget doing忘记做过某事。例如：The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）典型例题-The light in the office is still on.-O
18、h，I forgot_.A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。,3.3）、remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事；remember doing记得做过某事。例如：Remember to go to the post office af
19、ter school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?,3.4）、regret doing/to do regret to do：对将要做的事遗憾；regret doing：对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to
20、 raise objections at the meeting.-Well,now I regret _ that.A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done,答案：D。regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。,3.5）、cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事；cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：That department has cease
21、d to exist forever.那个系已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。3.6）、try doing/to do try to do：努力，企图做某事；try doing：试验，试着做某事。例如：You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。,3.7）、go on doing/to do go on to do：
22、做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing：继续做原来做的事。例如：After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习。,3.8）、be afraid of doing/to do be afraid to do：不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”；be afraid of doing：担心出现doing的状况
23、、结果，doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。例如：She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。,3.9）、be interested doing/to do interested to do：对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事；interest
24、ed in doing：对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）Im interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?（一种想法）3.10）、mean doing/to do mean to do：打算、想；mean doing：意味着。例如：I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.我想
25、去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.增加工资意味着增加购买力。,3.11）、begin（start）doing/to do begin/start to do sth；begin/start doing sth.1）谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴？2）begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：I was beginning t
26、o get angry。我开始生起气来。3）在attempt,intend,begin,start 后接know,understand,realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如：I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。4）事物作主语时，常用不定式to do。例如：The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了,3.11）感官动词+doing/to do 感官动词 see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示
27、动作的进行性。例如：I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调我看见了这个事实）I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调我见他正干活这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。,3.11）感官动词+doing/to do 典型例题 1）They knew her very well.They had seen her _ up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow 答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长
28、的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。2）The missing boy was last seen _ near the river.A.playing B.to be playingC.playD.to play 答案A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb.doing sth句型。,三、名词性从句,（一）、在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。,（二）、引导名词性从句的连
29、接词：可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which 连接副词：when,where,how,why,（三）、不可省略的连词：1.介词后的连词 2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如：That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。比较：whether与if 均为是否的意思。但在下列情况下，whether
30、不能被if 取代：1.whether引导主语从句并在句首 2.引导表语从句 3.whether从句作介词宾语 4.从句后有or not,（三）、不可省略的连词：Note:大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。例如：It is not important who will go.谁去，这不重要。It is still unknown which team will win the match.到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。,（四）、名词性that-从句：1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也
31、没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如：主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。,（四）、名词性that-从句：同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs ev
32、eryone in his office.近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。,2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四
33、种不同的搭配关系：a.It+be+形容词+that-从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明显,b.It+be+-ed 分词+that-从句It is believed that人们相信It is known to all that 从所周知It has been decided that 已决定c.It+be+名词+that-从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact tha
34、t 事实是d.It+不及物动词+that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起,（五）、名词性wh-从句 1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。,（五）、名词性wh-从句 2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-
35、从句置于句末。例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。,（四）、if,whether引导的名词从句：1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。,（四）、if,whether引导的名词从句：2）选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whethe
36、ror或whetheror not构成。例如：Please tell me whether/if they are Swedish or Danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。,四、Subjunctive Mood虚拟语气,（一）、真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：句型：,例如：If he comes,he will bring his violin.如果他来，会带小提琴来的。典型例题 The volleyball match will be
37、 put off if it _.A.will rain B.rains C.rained D.is rained 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。,注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall,will.（错）If you leave now,you are never going to regret it.（对）If you leave now,you will never regret it.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall（will）+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。,（二）、非真实条件句 1）虚拟语气可以表示过
38、去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。a.与现在事实相反的假设 例如：If they were here,they would help you.如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。含义：They are not here,they cant help you.,b.与过去事实相反的假设 例如：If he had come yesterday,I should/would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。含义：He did not come yesterday,so I did not tell him about it.,c.表示对
39、将来不大可能发生的事情的假想例如：If you succeeded,everything would be all right.如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。If you should succeed,everything would be all right.If you were to succeed,everything would be all right.含义：You are not likely to succeed,everything will be what it is now.,（三）、混合条件句 有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时
40、间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：If you had asked him yesterday,you would know what to do now.如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）If it had rained last night（过去）,it would be very cold today（现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。,（四）、虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were,should,或had时,可省略if，把were,should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：Were they her
41、e now,they could help us.=If they were here now,they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。Had you come earlier,you would have met him.=If you had come earlier,you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。Should it rain,the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain,the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。,注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“b
42、e”的过去时态一律用were，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：If I were you,I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。If he were here,everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。,典型例题：_ to do the work,I should do it some other day.A.If were I B.I wereC.Were ID.Was I 答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前,变成 were,sho
43、uld,had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do,而不能说 Werent I to do。,（五）、特殊的虚拟语气词should：1）在主语从句中的应用It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。It is that（should）可用的词有三类：suggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等 importan
44、t,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等 a pity,a shame,no wonder等+that(should)do,2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist+（should）do等。例如：I suggest that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我建议下周召开个会议。He insisted that he（should）be sent there.
45、他要求被派到那儿去。,注意：如suggest,insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。判断改错：（错）Your pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.（对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill.（错）I insisted that you（should）be wrong.（对）I insisted that you were wrong.,3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用suggestion,proposal,idea,pl
46、an,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。,（六）、wish的用法 1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：主句 从句从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式
47、为 were）现在时 过去时从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）过去时 过去完成时将来不大可能实现的愿望 现在时 would/could+动词原形,例如：I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadnt said that.他希望他没讲过那样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。2）wish to do；wish sb./sth.to do。例如：I wish to see the manager.=I want to see the manager.I wish the
48、 manager to be informed at once.（=I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。,（七）、比较if only与only if only if：“只有”；if only：“如果就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响就好了。If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。（八）、It is（high
49、）time that It is（high）time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：It is time that the children went to bed.孩子们该睡觉了。It is high time that the children should go to bed.,（九）、need 不必做和本不必做 didnt need to do表示过去不必做某事,事实上也没做。neednt have done表示过去本不必做某事,但事实上做了。例如：John went to the station with the ca
50、r to meet Mary,so she didnt need to walk back home.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary,so she neednt have walked back home.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。（Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）,典型例题There was plenty of time.She _.A.mustnt have hurried B.couldnt have hurried C.must not hu
